{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:38:01Z","timestamp":1791898681708,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sound transmission through ears with tympanic-membrane (TM) perforations is not well understood. Here, measurements on human-cadaver ears are reported that describe sound transmission through the middle ear with experimentally produced perforations, which range from 0.5 to 5.0 mm in diameter. Three response variables were measured with acoustic stimulation at the TM: stapes velocity, middle-ear cavity sound pressure, and acoustic impedance at the TM. The stapes-velocity measurements show that perforations cause frequency-dependent losses; at low frequencies losses are largest and increase as perforation size increases. Measurements of middle-ear cavity pressure coupled with the stapes-velocity measurements indicate that the dominant mechanism for loss with TM perforations is reduction in pressure difference across the TM; changes in TM-to-ossicular coupling generally contribute less than 5 dB to the loss. Measurements of middle-ear input impedance indicate that for low frequencies, the input impedance with a perforation approximates the impedance of the middle-ear cavity; as the perforation size increases, the similarity to the cavity\u2019s impedance extends to higher frequencies. The collection of results suggests that the effects of perforations can be represented by the path for air-volume flow from the ear canal to the middle-ear cavity. The quantitative description of perforation-induced losses may help clinicians determine, in an ear with a perforation, whether poor hearing results only from the perforation or whether other pathology should be expected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1394195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:21:16Z","timestamp":1027693276000},"page":"1432-1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Middle-ear function with tympanic-membrane perforations. I. Measurements and mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Voss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, 51 College Lane, Northampton, Massachusetts\u200901063"},{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Rosowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saumil N.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Peake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071400515839400_ahm79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100088162","article-title":"Hearing loss in perforations of the tympanic membrane","volume":"93","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"2023071400515839400_all86"},{"key":"2023071400515839400_ant72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1972.00770080796003","article-title":"Tympanic membrane perforations; effect on audiograms","volume":"95","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. 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