{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:09:47Z","timestamp":1784693387877,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A quantitative model of the human middle ear with a tympanic-membrane (TM) perforation is developed. The model is constrained by several types of acoustic measurements made on human cadaver ears, which indicate that perforation-induced changes in transmission result primarily from changes in driving pressure across the TM and that perforation-induced change in the structure of the TM and its coupling to the ossicles contributes a substantially smaller component. The model represents the effect of a perforation on the pressure difference across the TM by inclusion of a path for sound coupling through the perforation from the ear canal to the middle-ear cavity. The model implies that hearing loss with perforations depends primarily on three quantities: the perforation diameter, sound frequency, and the volume of air in the middle-ear cavity. For the conditions that produce the largest hearing loss (low frequency and large perforation), the model yields a simple dependence of loss on frequency, perforation diameter, and middle-ear cavity volume. Predictions from this model may be useful to clinicians in determining whether, in particular cases, hearing losses are explainable by the observed perforations or if additional pathology must be involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1394196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:21:16Z","timestamp":1027693276000},"page":"1445-1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Middle-ear function with tympanic-membrane perforations. II. A simple model"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Voss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, 51 College Lane, Northampton, Massachusetts\u200901063"},{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Rosowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saumil N.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Peake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts\u200902114"},{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences Program, Harvard\u2013M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u200902139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071400573915300_bol49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906488","article-title":"The acoustic reactance of small circular orifices","volume":"21","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_ing50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906591","article-title":"Acoustic circulation effects and the nonlinear impedance of orifices","volume":"22","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_kri88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3109\/01050398809070695","article-title":"Network model for the human middle ear","volume":"17","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_kuc53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907185","article-title":"Letter to the editor: A note on acoustic boundary dissipation due to viscosity","volume":"25","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_lim95","first-page":"101","article-title":"Structure and function of the tympanic membrane: A review","volume":"49","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta otorhino-laryngologica Belg."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_mol61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908610","article-title":"Network model of the middle ear","volume":"33","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_mol78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487809121419","article-title":"The size of the middle ear and the mastoid air cell","volume":"85","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_nol53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907004","article-title":"Small-signal impedance of short tubes","volume":"25","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_onc61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908801","article-title":"Mechanism of the middle ear","volume":"33","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_pea92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(92)90155-G","article-title":"Middle-ear transmission: Acoustic versus ossicular coupling in cat and human","volume":"57","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_she92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403929","article-title":"Middle-ear phenomenology: The view from the three windows","volume":"92","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_siv35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1915795","article-title":"Acoustic impedance of small orifices","volume":"7","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_sti85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1121\/1.391776","article-title":"Acoustic impedance of small, circular orifices in thin plates","volume":"77","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_thu52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906949","article-title":"Periodic fluid flow through circular tubes","volume":"24","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_thu53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907003","article-title":"Periodic fluid flow through circular orifices","volume":"25","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_vos98"},{"key":"2023071400573915300_vos00b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00177-5","article-title":"Acoustic responses of the human middle ear","volume":"150","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_vos00c"},{"key":"2023071400573915300_vos01d","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1394195","article-title":"Measurements and mechanisms of middle-ear function with tympanic-membrane perforations","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_vos00e","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200008000-00001","article-title":"Middle ear pathology can affect the ear-canal sound pressure generated by audiologic earphones","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_vos00a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428440","article-title":"Acoustic mechanisms that determine the ear-canal sound pressures generated by earphones","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_wev54"},{"key":"2023071400573915300_whi98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(98)70264-5","article-title":"Acoustic mechanisms: Canal wall-up versus canal wall-down mastoidectomy","volume":"118","year":"1998","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"2023071400573915300_zwi62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918382","article-title":"Analysis of the middle-ear function. 1. Input impedance","volume":"34","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/110\/3\/1445\/8089994\/1445_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/110\/3\/1445\/8089994\/1445_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:57:56Z","timestamp":1689296276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/110\/3\/1445\/548275\/Middle-ear-function-with-tympanic-membrane"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1394196","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]]}}}