{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:49:54Z","timestamp":1790635794644,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aerodynamic generation of sound during phonation was studied using direct numerical simulations of the airflow and the sound field in a rigid pipe with a modulated orifice. Forced oscillations with an imposed wall motion were considered, neglecting fluid\u2013structure interactions. The compressible, two-dimensional, axisymmetric form of the Navier\u2013Stokes equations were numerically integrated using highly accurate finite difference methods. A moving grid was used to model the effects of the moving walls. The geometry and flow conditions were selected to approximate the flow within an idealized human glottis and vocal tract during phonation. Direct simulations of the flow and farfield sound were performed for several wall motion programs, and flow conditions. An acoustic analogy based on the Ffowcs Williams\u2013Hawkings equation was then used to decompose the acoustic source into its monopole, dipole, and quadrupole contributions for analysis. The predictions of the farfield acoustic pressure using the acoustic analogy were in excellent agreement with results from the direct numerical simulations. It was found that the dominant sound production mechanism was a dipole induced by the net force exerted by the surfaces of the glottis walls on the fluid along the direction of sound wave propagation. A monopole mechanism, specifically sound from the volume of fluid displaced by the wall motion, was found to be comparatively weak at the frequency considered (125 Hz). The orifice geometry was found to have only a weak influence on the amplitude of the radiated sound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1506693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,31]],"date-time":"2002-10-31T13:22:02Z","timestamp":1036070522000},"page":"2134-2146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Computational aeroacoustics of phonation, Part I: Computational methods and sound generation mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana\u200947907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana\u200947907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven H.","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana\u200947907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Mongeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana\u200947907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071407044952800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.2514\/3.12728","article-title":"Computational aeroacoustics: Issues and methods","volume":"33","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r2"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396165","article-title":"An aeroacoustic approach to phonation","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r4"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1109\/78.157213","article-title":"Glottal impedance based on a finite element analysis of two-dimensional unsteady viscous flow in a static glottis","volume":"40","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1996.0005","article-title":"A numerical simulation of laryngeal flow in a forced oscillation glottal model","volume":"10","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r7"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1121\/1.419864","article-title":"Characteristics of a pulsating jet through a small modulated orifice, with application to voice production","volume":"102","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1121\/1.424574","article-title":"Fluid flow in a dynamic mechanical model of the vocal folds and tract. II. Implications for speech production studies","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1121\/1.424504","article-title":"Fluid flow in a dynamic mechanical model of the vocal folds and tract. I. Measurements and theory","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.2514\/2.1201","article-title":"Numerical simulation of sounds from confined pulsating axisymmetric jets","volume":"39","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1969.0031","article-title":"Sound generation by turbulence and surfaces in arbitrary motion","volume":"264","year":"1969","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1506694","article-title":"Computational aeroacoustics of phonation, Part II: effects of flow parameters and ventricular folds","volume":"112","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r14"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r15"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(92)90324-R","article-title":"Compact finite difference schemes with spectral-like resolution","volume":"103","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(87)90041-6","article-title":"Time dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems","volume":"68","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(92)90046-2","article-title":"Boundary conditions for direct simulations of compressible viscous flows","volume":"101","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1952.0060","article-title":"On sound generated aerodynamically, I. General theory","volume":"211","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r20"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r21","first-page":"113","article-title":"Direct computation of the sound generated by vortex pairing in an axisymmetric jet","volume":"33","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.2514\/2.890","article-title":"Effect of spatial filtering on sound radiation from a subsonic axisymmetric jet","volume":"38","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r23","first-page":"7","article-title":"Some fluid dynamic aspects of speech","volume":"2","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Commun. Parl\u00e9e."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r24"},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1333420","article-title":"Intraglottal pressure profiles for a symmetric and oblique glottis with a divergence angle of 10 degrees","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071407044952800_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2514\/2.1497","article-title":"Large eddy simulation of sound radiation from subsonic turbulent jets","volume":"39","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIAA J."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/112\/5\/2134\/9367628\/2134_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/112\/5\/2134\/9367628\/2134_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T03:57:56Z","timestamp":1689307076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/112\/5\/2134\/545934\/Computational-aeroacoustics-of-phonation-Part-I"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,25]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1506693","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,25]]}}}