{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:50:28Z","timestamp":1790034628859,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An interrupted noise exposure of sufficient intensity, presented on a daily repeating cycle, produces a threshold shift (TS) following the first day of exposure. TSs measured on subsequent days of the exposure sequence have been shown to decrease relative to the initial TS. This reduction of TS, despite the continuing daily exposure regime, has been called a cochlear toughening effect and the exposures referred to as toughening exposures. Four groups of chinchillas were exposed to one of four different noises presented on an interrupted (6 h\/day for 20 days) or noninterrupted (24 h\/day for 5 days) schedule. The exposures had equivalent total energy, an overall level of 100 dB(A) SPL, and approximately the same flat, broadband long-term spectrum. The noises differed primarily in their temporal structures; two were Gaussian and two were non-Gausssian, nonstationary. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were used to estimate hearing thresholds and surface preparation histology was used to determine sensory cell loss. The experimental results presented here show that: (1) Exposures to interrupted high-level, non-Gaussian signals produce a toughening effect comparable to that produced by an equivalent interrupted Gaussian noise. (2) Toughening, whether produced by Gaussian or non-Gaussian noise, results in reduced trauma compared to the equivalent uninterrupted noise, and (3) that both continuous and interrupted non-Gaussian exposures produce more trauma than do energy and spectrally equivalent Gaussian noises. Over the course of the 20-day exposure, the pattern of TS following each day\u2019s exposure could exhibit a variety of configurations. These results do not support the equal energy hypothesis as a unifying principal for estimating the potential of a noise exposure to produce hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1531981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,30]],"date-time":"2003-01-30T20:35:59Z","timestamp":1043958959000},"page":"969-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cochlear toughening, protection, and potentiation of noise-induced trauma by non-Gaussian noise"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Roger P.","family":"Hamernik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auditory Research Laboratory, State University of New York, 107 Beaumont Hall, Plattsburgh, New York 12901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auditory Research Laboratory, State University of New York, 107 Beaumont Hall, Plattsburgh, New York 12901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bob","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auditory Research Laboratory, State University of New York, 107 Beaumont Hall, Plattsburgh, New York 12901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071405483860700_ahr93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405406","article-title":"Complex noise exposures: An energy analysis","volume":"93","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_ahr00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00030-7","article-title":"The effects of interrupted noise exposures on the noise-damaged cochlea","volume":"143","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_boe92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(92)90189-T","article-title":"Physiological and histological changes associated with the reduction of the threshold shift during interrupted noise exposure","volume":"62","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_boh83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(83)90044-8","article-title":"Holes in the reticular lamina after noise exposure: Implication for continuing damage in the organ of Corti","volume":"11","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_boh87","first-page":"251","article-title":"Cochlear damage following interrupted exposure to high-frequency noise","volume":"27","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_bro90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199004000-00003","article-title":"Outer hair cell electromotility and otoacoustic emissions","volume":"11","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_cam91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(91)90104-H","article-title":"The effects of \u2018conditioning\u2019 exposures on hearing loss from traumatic exposure","volume":"55","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_cla87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395261","article-title":"Effects of periodic rest on hearing loss and cochlear damage following exposure to noise","volume":"82","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_eld81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385688","article-title":"A frequency-position map for the chinchilla cochlea","volume":"69","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_fay88"},{"key":"2023071405483860700_ham84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(84)90077-7","article-title":"Anatomical correlates of impulse noise-induced mechanical damage in the cochlea","volume":"13","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_ham98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423056","article-title":"Interrupted noise exposures: Threshold shift dynamics and permanent effects","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_ham8a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(98)00021-5","article-title":"Noise-induced threshold shift dynamics measured with distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and auditory evoked potentials in chinchillas with inner hair cell deficient cochleas","volume":"118","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_ham01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1414707","article-title":"Energy-independent factors influencing noise-induced hearing loss in the chinchilla model","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_hen94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(94)90038-8","article-title":"The effect of \u2018conditioning\u2019 exposures on hearing loss from impulse noise","volume":"78","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_hsu90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398795","article-title":"A generalized approach to random noise synthesis: Theory and computer simulation","volume":"87","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_hsu91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3397\/1.2827778","article-title":"Performance characteristics of a phase domain approach to random noise synthesis","volume":"36","year":"1991","journal-title":"Noise Control Eng. J."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_hu02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(02)00286-1","article-title":"Involvement of apoptosis in progression of cochlear lesion following exposure to intense noise","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_iso90"},{"key":"2023071405483860700_jac98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(97)00214-1","article-title":"Changes in cochlear antioxidant enzyme activity after sound conditioning and noise exposure in the chinchilla","volume":"117","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_lei94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1121\/1.410287","article-title":"The application of frequency and time domain kurtosis to the assessment of hazardous noise exposures","volume":"96","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_mcf97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(96)00170-0","article-title":"Low-frequency \u2018conditioning\u2019 provides long-term protection from noise-induced threshold shifts in chinchillas","volume":"103","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_mil63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deafening effects of noise on the cat","volume":"176","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Oto-laryngologica Suppl."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_mil96","article-title":"Interactions between age-related and noise-induced hearing loss,\u201d in Scientific Basis of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, edited by A. Axelsson, H. Borchgrevink, R. P. Hamernik, P. A. Hellstrom, D. Henderson, and R. J. Salvi (Thieme, New York), pp. 193\u2013212."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_sub91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(91)90197-H","article-title":"The effect of exposure level on the development of progressive resistance to noise","volume":"52","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_sub92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(92)90008-B","article-title":"The effect of \u2018conditioning\u2019 on hearing loss from a high frequency traumatic exposure","volume":"58","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_sub93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405455","article-title":"Effect of low-frequency \u2018conditioning\u2019 on hearing loss from high-frequency exposure","volume":"93","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_war91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401310","article-title":"The role of intermittence in PTS","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071405483860700_whi98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421303","article-title":"Effectiveness of intermittent and continuous acoustic simulation in preventing noise-induced hearing and hair cell loss","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/113\/2\/969\/8091652\/969_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/113\/2\/969\/8091652\/969_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T05:52:21Z","timestamp":1689313941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/113\/2\/969\/545195\/Cochlear-toughening-protection-and-potentiation-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1531981","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,28]]}}}