{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:26:47Z","timestamp":1773620807678,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychometric functions (PFs) for forward-masked tones were obtained for conditions in which signal level was varied to estimate threshold at several masker levels (variable-signal condition), and in which masker level was varied to estimate threshold at several signal levels (variable-masker condition). The changes in PF slope across combinations of masker frequency, masker level, and signal delay were explored in three experiments. In experiment 1, a 2-kHz, 10-ms tone was masked by a 50, 70 or 90 dB SPL, 20-ms on-frequency forward masker, with signal delays of 2, 20, or 40 ms, in a variable-signal condition. PF slopes decreased in conditions where signal threshold was high. In experiments 2 and 3, the signal was a 4-kHz, 10-ms tone, and the masker was either a 4- or 2.4-kHz, 200-ms tone. In experiment 2, on-frequency maskers were presented at 30 to 90 dB SPL in 10-dB steps and off-frequency maskers were presented at 60 to 90 dB SPL in 10-dB steps, with signal delays of 0, 10, or 30 ms, in a variable-signal condition. PF slopes decreased as signal level increased, and this trend was similar for on- and off-frequency maskers. In experiment 3, variable-masker conditions with on- and off-frequency maskers and 0-ms signal delay were presented. In general, the results were consistent with the hypothesis that peripheral nonlinearity is reflected in the PF slopes. The data also indicate that masker level plays a role independent of signal level, an effect that could be accounted for by assuming greater internal noise at higher stimulus levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1543933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,3]],"date-time":"2003-03-03T16:21:41Z","timestamp":1046708501000},"page":"1560-1573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of peripheral nonlinearity on psychometric functions for forward-masked tones"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Kim S.","family":"Schairer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska\u200968131"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Nizami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska\u200968131"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason F.","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska\u200968131"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walt","family":"Jesteadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska\u200968131"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071400513831700_buu91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401928","article-title":"Psychometric functions for level discrimination","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_dai95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413802","article-title":"On measuring psychometric functions: a comparison of the constant-stimulus and adaptive up-down methods","volume":"98","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_ega69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207019","article-title":"Masking-level differences and the form of the psychometric function","volume":"6","year":"1969","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_fas79","first-page":"282","article-title":"Temporal masking effects: III. Pure tone masker","volume":"43","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acustica"},{"key":"2023071400513831700_gla00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1315291","article-title":"Frequency selectivity as a function of level and frequency measured with uniformly exciting notched noise","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_gui65"},{"key":"2023071400513831700_jes82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1121\/1.387576","article-title":"Forward masking as a function of frequency, masker level, and signal delay","volume":"71","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_kid81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(81)90026-5","article-title":"Patterns of residual masking","volume":"5","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_lee01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194543","article-title":"Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research","volume":"63","year":"2001","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_lee92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212251","article-title":"Estimation of psychometric functions from adaptive tracking procedures","volume":"51","year":"1992","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071400513831700_lev71","first-page":"467","article-title":"Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics","volume":"49","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_lus47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3109\/00016484709123758","article-title":"The decay of sensation and the remainder of adaptation after short pure-tone impulses on the ear","volume":"35","year":"1947","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_moo99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428207","article-title":"Effects of frequency and duration on psychometric functions for detection of increments and decrements in sinusoids in noise","volume":"106","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_mun50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906586","article-title":"Loudness patterns\u2014a new approach","volume":"22","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023071400513831700_nef85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392653","article-title":"Stimulus parameters governing confusion effects in forward masking","volume":"78","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071400513831700_nef86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393678","article-title":"Confusion effects with sinusoidal and narrow-band noise forward maskers","volume":"79","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_nel90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400111","article-title":"Effects of stimulus level on forward-masked psychophysical tuning curves in quiet and in noise","volume":"88","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_nel87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395131","article-title":"Temporal resolution in sensorineural hearing-impaired listeners","volume":"81","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_nel84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1121\/1.390866","article-title":"Broadened forward-masked tuning curves from intense masking tones: delay-time and probe-level manipulations","volume":"75","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_nel01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1404439","article-title":"A new procedure for measuring peripheral compression in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_niz99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427130","article-title":"The fine structure of the recovering auditory detection threshold","volume":"106","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_oxe01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1336501","article-title":"Forward masking: adaptation or integration?","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_oxe94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(94)90014-0","article-title":"Modeling the additivity of nonsimultaneous masking","volume":"80","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_oxe97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418327","article-title":"A behavioral measure of basilar-membrane nonlinearity in listeners with normal and impaired hearing","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_oxe00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00206-9","article-title":"Effects of masker frequency and duration in forward masking: further evidence for the influence of peripheral nonlinearity","volume":"150","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_pla98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421294","article-title":"Basilar-membrane nonlinearity and the growth of forward masking","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_rho71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912485","article-title":"Observations of the vibration of the basilar membrane in squirrel monkeys using the Mossbauer technique","volume":"49","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_rob86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1121\/1.394389","article-title":"Basilar membrane mechanics at the base of the chinchilla cochlea. I. Input-output functions, tuning curves, and response phases","volume":"80","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_rug97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418265","article-title":"Basilar-membrane responses to tones at the base of the chinchilla cochlea","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_spi81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1121\/1.386583","article-title":"Two procedures for estimating internal noise","volume":"70","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_wat72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913153","article-title":"Detection of tones in the absence of external masking noise. I. Effects of signal intensity and signal frequency","volume":"52","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071400513831700_wer99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426849","article-title":"Forward masking among infant and adult listeners","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_wid79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383673","article-title":"Intensive and temporal effects in pure-tone forward masking","volume":"66","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_yat90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(90)90121-5","article-title":"Basilar membrane nonlinearity determines auditory nerve rate-intensity functions and cochlear dynamic range","volume":"45","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071400513831700_zwi59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907619","article-title":"On some poststimulatory effects at the threshold of audibility","volume":"31","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/113\/3\/1560\/8091410\/1560_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/113\/3\/1560\/8091410\/1560_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:52:02Z","timestamp":1689295922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/113\/3\/1560\/548136\/Effects-of-peripheral-nonlinearity-on-psychometric"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1543933","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]}}}