{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:27:26Z","timestamp":1790177246809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study expands the limited understanding of pinniped aerial auditory masking and includes measurements at some of the relatively low frequencies predominant in many pinniped vocalizations. Behavioral techniques were used to obtain aerial critical ratios (CRs) within a hemianechoic chamber for a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Simultaneous, octave-band noise maskers centered at seven test frequencies (0.2\u20138.0 kHz) were used to determine aerial CRs. Narrower and variable bandwidth masking noise was also used in order to obtain direct critical bandwidths (CBWs). The aerial CRs are very similar in magnitude and in frequency-specific differences (increasing gradually with test frequency) to underwater CRs for these subjects, demonstrating that pinniped cochlear processes are similar both in air and water. While, like most mammals, these pinniped subjects apparently lack specialization for enhanced detection of specific frequencies over masking noise, they consistently detect signals across a wide range of frequencies at relatively low signal-to-noise ratios. Direct CBWs are 3.2 to 14.2 times wider than estimated based on aerial CRs. The combined masking data are significant in terms of assessing aerial anthropogenic noise impacts, effective aerial communicative ranges, and amphibious aspects of pinniped cochlear mechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1587733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,29]],"date-time":"2003-08-29T14:14:56Z","timestamp":1062166496000},"page":"1660-1666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Auditory masking in three pinnipeds: Aerial critical ratios and direct critical bandwidth measurements"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Southall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California\u200995060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Schusterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California\u200995060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kastak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California\u200995060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071322043842600_and02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1461915","article-title":"Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960s with the 1990s for a receiver off the California coast","volume":"3","year":"2002","journal-title":"ARLO"},{"key":"2023071322043842600_au90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400323","article-title":"Critical ratio and critical bandwidth for the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin","volume":"88","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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