{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:39:09Z","timestamp":1791967149712,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Speech development in children is predicated partly on the growth and anatomic restructuring of the vocal tract. This study examines the growth pattern of the various hard and soft tissue vocal tract structures as visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and assesses their relational growth with vocal tract length (VTL). Measurements on lip thickness, hard- and soft-palate length, tongue length, naso-oro-pharyngeal length, mandibular length and depth, and distance of the hyoid bone and larynx from the posterior nasal spine were used from 63 pediatric cases (ages birth to 6 years and 9 months) and 12 adults. Results indicate (a) ongoing growth of all oral and pharyngeal vocal tract structures with no sexual dimorphism, and a period of accelerated growth between birth and 18 months; (b) vocal tract structure\u2019s region (oral\/anterior versus pharyngeal\/posterior) and orientation (horizontal versus vertical) determine its growth pattern; and (c) the relational growth of the different structures with VTL changes with development\u2014while the increase in VTL throughout development is predominantly due to growth of pharyngeal\/posterior structures, VTL is also substantially affected by the growth of oral\/anterior structures during the first 18 months of life. Findings provide normative data that can be used for modeling the development of the vocal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1835958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]],"date-time":"2005-01-11T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1105466541000},"page":"338-350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Development of vocal tract length during early childhood: A magnetic resonance imaging study"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Houri K.","family":"Vorperian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue #481, Madison, Wisconsin\u200953705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray D.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Disorders and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue #435, Madison, Wisconsin\u200953705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary J.","family":"Lindstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waisman Center and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Room K6\/446, Madison, Wisconsin\u200953792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cliff M.","family":"Kalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, Wisconsin\u200953706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindell R.","family":"Gentry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, 600 Highland Avenue, E1-311 Clinical Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin\u200953792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian S.","family":"Yandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Statistics and Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Sciences Center\u2014Room 1239, Madison, Wisconsin\u200953706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071404065266700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/58.3.525","article-title":"Estimating the transition between two intersecting straight lines","volume":"58","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2023071404065266700_c2"},{"key":"2023071404065266700_c3"},{"key":"2023071404065266700_c4"},{"key":"2023071404065266700_c5","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Postnatal ontogeny of performance of the pharynx, larynx, and mouth","volume":"131","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. 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