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Vowels were scaled to represent people with a wide range of GPRs and VTLs, including many well beyond the normal range of the population, and listeners were asked to judge the size and sex\/age of the speaker. The judgements of speaker size show that VTL has a strong influence upon perceived speaker size. The results for the sex and age categorization (man, woman, boy, or girl) show that, for vowels with GPR and VTL values in the normal range, judgements of speaker sex and age are influenced about equally by GPR and VTL. For vowels with abnormal combinations of low GPRs and short VTLs, the VTL information appears to decide the sex\/age judgement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2047107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,31]],"date-time":"2005-10-31T15:11:49Z","timestamp":1130771509000},"page":"3177-3186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["The interaction of glottal-pulse rate and vocal-tract length in judgements of speaker size, sex, and age"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"David R. 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