{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:40:11Z","timestamp":1790743211892,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports the first systematic study of acoustic signals during social interactions of the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis). Sound pressure level (SPL) measurements revealed that Chinese alligators have an elaborate acoustic communication system with both long-distance signal\u2014bellowing\u2014and short-distance signals that include tooting, bubble blowing, hissing, mooing, head slapping and whining. Bellows have high SPL and appear to play an important role in the alligator\u2019s long range intercommunion. Sounds characterized by low SPL are short-distance signals used when alligators are in close spatial proximity to one another. The signal spectrographic analysis showed that the acoustic signals of Chinese alligators have a very low dominant frequency, less than 500Hz. These frequencies are consistent with adaptation to a habitat with high density vegetation. Low dominant frequency sound attenuates less and could therefore cover a larger spatial range by diffraction in a densely vegetated environment relative to a higher dominant frequency sound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2714910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,4]],"date-time":"2007-05-04T23:05:08Z","timestamp":1178319908000},"page":"2984-2989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Acoustic signals of Chinese alligators (<i>Alligator sinensis<\/i>): Social communication"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Xianyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Hydrobiology, , Wuhan 430072, People\u2019s Republic of China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Hydrobiology, , Wuhan 430072, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Normal University College of Life Sciences, , Wuhu 241000, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Research Center for Chinese Alligator Reproduction , Xuancheng 242034, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Research Center for Chinese Alligator Reproduction , Xuancheng 242034, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071301551008200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80178-0","article-title":"Lifetime mating success in the damselfly Coenagrion puella","volume":"33","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1139\/z04-060","article-title":"Are frog calls modulated by the environments? An analysis with anuran species from Bolivia","volume":"82","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1578\/016754203101024158","article-title":"Acoustic communication ranges for northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)","volume":"29","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Mamm."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(89)90146-2","article-title":"The active space of blue monkey and greycheeked mangabey vocalizations","volume":"37","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observations on the acoustic behavior of crocodilians","volume":"58","year":"1973","journal-title":"Zoologica (N.Y.)"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c6","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Research on the Chinese alligator","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c7","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Alligator sinensis","year":"1985"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.17520\/biods.2001016","article-title":"Study on the current population and habitat of the wild Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis)","volume":"9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biodiversity Sci."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c9","first-page":"26","article-title":"Song patterns of warblers at dawn and dusk","volume":"101","year":"1989","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c10","first-page":"1","article-title":"The hylidae frogs of Middle America","year":"1970"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2307\/1444328","article-title":"Acoustic resource partitioning in anuran communities","volume":"3","year":"1983","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/13.4.1195","article-title":"Sound production mechanisms in recent reptiles: Review and comments","volume":"13","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c13","first-page":"26","article-title":"Structure and pattern of the roars of Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis)","volume":"31","year":"1975","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/17.1.225","article-title":"Social signals and behavior of adult alligators and crocodiles","volume":"17","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c15","first-page":"155","article-title":"Social signals of adult American alligators","volume":"160","year":"1978","journal-title":"B. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(01)80006-1","article-title":"Acoustic communication in two groups of closely related treefrogs","volume":"30","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Stud. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299040","article-title":"Sexual selection in lekking sage grouse: Phenotypic correlates of male mating success","volume":"18","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c18","unstructured":"Hansen, I. J. (2003). \u201cCommunication breakdown: Habitat influences on the communication networks and transmission of song in the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus),\u201d Dissertation for bachelor degree at the University of Northern British Columbia, pp. 3\u20137."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c19","first-page":"294","article-title":"Vocalization in juvenile crocodilians","volume":"44","year":"1977","journal-title":"Z. Tierpsychol"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.2307\/1368543","article-title":"Function of frequency-shifted songs of black-capped chickadees","volume":"89","year":"1987","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2788","article-title":"Adaptive significance of synchronous chorusing in an acoustically signalling wolf spider","volume":"271","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c22","first-page":"236","volume-title":"The Behavior of Animals, Mechanisms, Functions, and Evolution","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1882945","article-title":"Echolocation signals of the free-ranging Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientialis)","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0211","article-title":"Female great tits can identify mates by song","volume":"52","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c25","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Research of Bird\u2019s Singing","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/17.1.251","article-title":"Acoustic and visual display behavior of Gekkonid lizards","volume":"17","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1973.tb02093.x","article-title":"A comparison of vocalizations of red-tailed monkeys and blue monkeys, Ceropithecus ascanius and C. mitis, in Uganda","volume":"33","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Tierpsychol"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299741","article-title":"Sound transmission and its significance for animal vocalization. 2. Tropical habitats","volume":"2","year":"1977","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1086\/282971","article-title":"Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds","volume":"109","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2307\/1367963","article-title":"Frequency shift in the fee bee song of the blackcapped chickadee","volume":"87","year":"1985","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80121-9","article-title":"Chorus structure in tarbush grasshoppers: Inhibition, selective phonoresponse and signal competition","volume":"50","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-003-0685-1","article-title":"Vocalizations and courtship intensity correlate with mounting success in marginated tortoises Testudo marginata","volume":"55","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(91)90224-L","article-title":"Sexual selection and communication in frogs: Some recent advances","volume":"6","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.07.004","article-title":"Repeated decrease in vocal repertoire size in Streptopelia doves","volume":"67","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8312.2003.00119.x","article-title":"Call degradation in diploid and tetraploid green toads","volume":"78","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0113","article-title":"Lifetime mating success in male sagebrush crickets: Sexual selection constrained by a virgin male mating advantage","volume":"51","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0310.1999.00483.x","article-title":"Pygmy marmosets modify call structure when paired","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1978","article-title":"Environmental correlates of vocal communication of wild pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea","volume":"63","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.06.016","article-title":"Function of male song in the greater white-lined bat, Saccopteryx bilineata","volume":"67","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c40","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Crocodiles: An Action Plan for Their Conservation","year":"1992"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.03.016","article-title":"Vocal communication between male Xenopus laevis","volume":"67","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2307\/4090060","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of singing activity vary with time of day in the Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos)","volume":"121","year":"2004","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.3.1019","article-title":"Social displays of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"29","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.04.014","article-title":"The vocal behavior of mammal-eating killer whales: Communicating with costly calls","volume":"69","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c45","first-page":"663","article-title":"Congregative effect of the Chinese alligator\u2019s bellowing chorus in mating season and its function in reproduction","volume":"52","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Sinica."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c46","first-page":"281","article-title":"Regulation of bellowing of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) in the wild","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402600302","article-title":"Morphological basis of growling in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah","volume":"260","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c48","first-page":"484","article-title":"Primary research on the activity rhythm and the behavior coding of capative-bred Chinese alligator in summer and autumn","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Hydrobiol. Sin."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c49","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Vegetation diversity of wild Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) habitats","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"2023071301551008200_c50","first-page":"132","article-title":"Preliminary study on the life history of Chinese alligator","volume":"9","year":"1957","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Sinica."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/121\/5\/2984\/14127372\/2984_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/121\/5\/2984\/14127372\/2984_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T03:33:12Z","timestamp":1707881592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/121\/5\/2984\/538524\/Acoustic-signals-of-Chinese-alligators-Alligator"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.2714910","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]}}}