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The ratio of peak energy within the fundamental of the high-frequency component relative to summed peak energy in the first two low-frequency component harmonics, and the number of modulation bands off the high-frequency component, were significantly greater when whales were oriented towards the array, while range and adult sex had little effect. In contrast, the ratio of peak energy in the first versus second harmonics of the low-frequency component was greater in calls produced by adult females than adult males, while orientation and range had little effect. The dispersion of energy across harmonics has been shown to relate to body size or sex in terrestrial species, but pressure effects during diving are thought to make such a signal unreliable in diving animals. The observed spectral differences by signaler sex and orientation suggest that these types of information may be transmitted acoustically by freely diving killer whales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2722056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T14:10:36Z","timestamp":1180966236000},"page":"3932-3937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Caller sex and orientation influence spectral characteristics of \u201ctwo-voice\u201d stereotyped calls produced by free-ranging killer whales"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Patrick J. 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