{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:11:48Z","timestamp":1766268708205},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vocal tract shaping patterns based on articulatory fleshpoint data from four speakers in the University of Wisconsin x-ray microbeam (XRMB) database [J. Westbury, UW-Madison, (1994)] were determined with a principal component analysis (PCA). Midsagittal cross-distance functions representative of approximately the front 6cm of the oral cavity for each of 11 vowels and vowel\u2013vowel (VV) sequences were obtained from the pellet positions and the hard palate profile for the four speakers. A PCA was independently performed on each speaker\u2019s set of cross-distance functions representing static vowels only, and again with time-dependent cross-distance functions representing vowels and VV sequences. In all cases, results indicated that the first two orthogonal components (referred to as modes) accounted for more than 97% of the variance in each speaker\u2019s set of cross-distance functions. In addition, the shape of each mode was shown to be similar across the speakers suggesting that the modes represent common patterns of vocal tract deformation. Plots of the resulting time-dependent coefficient records showed that the four speakers activated each mode similarly during production of the vowel sequences. Finally, a procedure was described for using the time-dependent mode coefficients obtained from the XRMB data as input for an area function model of the vocal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2730621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T14:10:36Z","timestamp":1180966236000},"page":"3770-3789","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Time dependence of vocal tract modes during production of vowels and vowel sequences"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Brad H.","family":"Story","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona Speech Acoustics Laboratory, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, , Tucson, Arizona 85721"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071307544834000_c1","first-page":"252","article-title":"On the calculation of filter coefficients for maximum entropy spectral analysis","volume-title":"Modern Spectrum Analysis","year":"1978"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401949","article-title":"Analysis of vocal tract shape and dimensions using magnetic resonance imaging: Vowels","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c3","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00012-0","article-title":"Multi-pulse LPC modeling of articulatory movements","volume":"24","year":"1998","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099303600304","article-title":"Coordination and coarticulation in speech production","volume":"36","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lang Speech"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1137\/0717021","article-title":"Monotone piecewise cubic interpolation","volume":"17","year":"1980","journal-title":"SIAM (Soc. Ind. Appl. Math.) J. Numer. Anal."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071307544834000_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381581","article-title":"Factor analysis of tongue shapes","volume":"62","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c8","first-page":"1660","article-title":"VIDA: An environment for multidimensional image display and analysis","year":"1992"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428053","article-title":"On the lingual organization of the German vowel system","volume":"106","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2004.09.001","article-title":"Patterns of tongue movement","volume":"33","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406887","article-title":"Individual differences in vowel production","volume":"94","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30608-4","article-title":"The dynamical perspective on speech production: Data and theory","volume":"14","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30348-1","article-title":"On articulatory and acoustic variabilities","volume":"19","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000261955","article-title":"From EMG to formant patterns of vowels: The implication of vowel spaces","volume":"51","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c15","author":"The Mathworks","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2006.01.001","article-title":"Principal components of vocal tract area functions and inversion of vowels by linear regression of cepstrum coefficients","volume":"35","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414968","article-title":"Two cross-linguistic factors underlying tongue shapes for vowels","volume":"99","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c20","first-page":"162","article-title":"Degrees of freedom of tongue movements in speech may be constrained by biomechanics","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1910429","article-title":"Determination of the geometry of the human vocal tract by acoustic measurements","volume":"41","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c22","first-page":"279","article-title":"Estimation of articulatory motion","volume-title":"Dynamic Aspects of Speech Production","author":"Sawashima","year":"1977"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165240","article-title":"A hybrid time-frequency domain articulatory speech synthesizer","volume":"35","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1869752","article-title":"A parametric model of the vocal tract area function for vowel and consonant simulation","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2118367","article-title":"Synergistic modes of vocal tract articulation for American English vowels","volume":"118","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(00)80003-X","article-title":"Acoustic impedance of an artificially lengthened and constricted vocal tract","volume":"14","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.1998.0076","article-title":"Parameterization of vocal tract area functions by empirical orthogonal modes","volume":"26","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2002.0168","article-title":"A preliminary study of voice quality transformation based on modifications to the neutral vocal tract area function","volume":"30","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415960","article-title":"Vocal tract area functions from magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000261782","article-title":"From sagittal distance to area","volume":"44","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c31","volume-title":"X-ray Microbeam Speech Production Database User\u2019s Handbook","year":"1994"},{"key":"2023071307544834000_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1520538","article-title":"Analysis of the three-dimensional tongue shape using a three-factor analysis model","volume":"113","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/121\/6\/3770\/14711409\/3770_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/121\/6\/3770\/14711409\/3770_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T08:53:38Z","timestamp":1689238418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/121\/6\/3770\/537276\/Time-dependence-of-vocal-tract-modes-during"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.2730621","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]}}}