{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T10:22:16Z","timestamp":1756462936740,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/DocumentLibrary\/files\/publications\/jasa\/jascpyrt.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/DocumentLibrary\/files\/publications\/jasa\/jascpyrt.pdf"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three competing accounts of vowel inherent spectral change in English all agree on the importance of initial formant frequencies; however, they disagree about the nature of the perceptually relevant aspects of formant change. The onset+offset hypothesis claims that the final formant values themselves matter. The onset+slope hypothesis claims that only the rate of change counts. The onset+direction hypothesis claims that only the general direction of change in formant frequencies is important. A synthetic-vowel perception experiment was designed to differentiate among the three. 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