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This paper presents a follow-up study in which a range of vowels were synthesized from recordings of four different speakers\u2014an adult man, an adult woman, a young boy, and a young girl\u2014to determine whether the sex and age of the original speaker would have an effect upon listeners\u2019 judgments of whether a vowel was spoken by a man, woman, boy, or girl, after they were equated for GPR and VTL. The sustained vowels of the four speakers were scaled to produce the same combinations of GPR and VTL, which covered the entire range normally encountered in every day life. The results show that listeners readily distinguish children from adults based on their sustained vowels but that they struggle to distinguish the sex of the speaker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2799507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:02:57Z","timestamp":1201824177000},"page":"3628-3639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Discrimination of speaker sex and size when glottal-pulse rate and vocal-tract length are controlled"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"David R. 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