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Two degrees of freedom were uncovered by principal component analysis: first, VL accounts for 83% of the velum variance, corresponding to an oblique vertical movement seemingly related to the levator veli palatini muscle; second, VS explains another 6% of the velum variance, controlling a mostly horizontal movement possibly related to the sphincter action of the superior pharyngeal constrictor. The nasopharyngeal wall is also controlled by VL for 47% of its variance. Electromagnetic articulographic data recorded on the velum fitted these parameters exactly, and may serve to recover dynamic velum 3D shapes. The main oral and nasopharyngeal area functions controlled by the articulatory model, complemented by the area functions derived from the complex geometry of each nasal passage extracted from coronal MRIs, were fed to an acoustic model and gave promising results about the influence of velum movements on the spectral characteristics of nasals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2875111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]],"date-time":"2008-04-08T00:11:56Z","timestamp":1207613516000},"page":"2335-2355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A three-dimensional articulatory model of the velum and nasopharyngeal wall based on MRI and CT data"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Serrurier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIPSA-lab, UMR 5216 CNRS-INPG-UJF-Universit\u00e9 Stendhal , D\u00e9partement Parole and Cognition\/ICP, 46 avenue F\u00e9lix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex 01, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Badin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIPSA-lab, UMR 5216 CNRS-INPG-UJF-Universit\u00e9 Stendhal , D\u00e9partement Parole and Cognition\/ICP, 46 avenue F\u00e9lix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex 01, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023080303204897900_c1","first-page":"3021","article-title":"Observations of the velopharyngeal closure mechanism in horizontal and lateral directions from fiberscopic data","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Sol\u00e9","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023080303204897900_c2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Virtual Talking Heads and Audiovisual Articulatory Synthesis (Invited talk at the symposium \u201cArticulatory synthesis. 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