{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T07:33:38Z","timestamp":1788507218766,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the effect of an on-frequency precursor on growth-of-masking (GOM) functions measured using an off-frequency masker. The signal was a 6-ms, 4-kHz tone. A GOM function was measured using a 40-ms, 2.8-kHz tone (the off-frequency masker). GOM functions were then measured with an on-frequency, fixed level precursor presented before the off-frequency masker. The precursor was 50 or 60dB SPL, and 160ms in duration. For the 60-dB SPL precursor, a 40-ms duration was also used. Two-line functions were fit to the GOM data to estimate the basilar membrane input-output function. The precursors reduced the gain of the input-output function, and this decrease was graded with precursor level. Both precursor durations had the same effect on gain. Changes in masking following a precursor were larger than would be predicted by additivity of masking. The observed decrease in gain may be consistent with activation of the medial olivocochlear reflex by the precursor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2912440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,7]],"date-time":"2008-06-07T23:19:51Z","timestamp":1212880791000},"page":"4352-4357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The effect of a precursor on growth of forward masking"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Vidya","family":"Krull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071307532824100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2169918","article-title":"Time-course of the human medial olivocochlear reflex","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428443","article-title":"Effects of ipsilateral and contralateral precursors on the temporal effect in simultaneous masking with pure tones","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749108400978","article-title":"Spectral, intensive, and temporal factors influencing overshoot","volume":"43","year":"1991","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A"},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(89)90014-2","article-title":"Changes in the masked thresholds of brief tones produced by prior bursts of noise","volume":"41","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402629","article-title":"Effect of signal frequency and masker level on the frequency regions responsible for the overshoot effect","volume":"91","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240507.83072.e7","article-title":"Olivocochlear efferents: Anatomy, physiology, function, and the measurement of efferent effects in humans","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1979.42.4.1083","article-title":"Forward masking of auditory nerve fiber responses","volume":"42","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(92)90174-L","article-title":"Factors influencing temporal effects with notched-noise maskers","volume":"64","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","article-title":"Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics","volume":"49","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(89)90127-5","article-title":"Rapid assessment of sound-evoked olivocochlear feedback: Suppression of compound action potentials by contralateral sound","volume":"38","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397732","article-title":"Spectral differences in the ability of temporal gaps to reset the mechanisms underlying overshoot","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1893426","article-title":"A computer model of the auditory-nerve response to forward-masking stimuli","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396055","article-title":"The shape of the ear\u2019s temporal window","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1336501","article-title":"Forward Masking: Adaptation or integration?","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(94)90014-0","article-title":"Modeling the additivity of nonsimultaneous masking","volume":"80","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418327","article-title":"A behavioral measure of basilar-membrane non-linearity in listeners with normal and impaired hearing","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383885","article-title":"Nonlinearities in the coding of intensity within the context of a temporal summation model","volume":"67","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1675812","article-title":"Inferred basilar-membrane response functions for listeners with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2769829","article-title":"Temporal integration and compression near absolute threshold in normal and impaired ears","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396836","article-title":"A reexamination of forward masking in the auditory nerve","volume":"84","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1883367","article-title":"Comparing different estimates of cochlear compression in listeners with normal and impaired hearing","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400656","article-title":"The effect of masker spectral asymmetry on overshoot in simultaneous masking","volume":"89","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423294","article-title":"Influence of centrifugal pathways on forward masking of ventral cochlear nucleus neurons","volume":"104","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1977.40.5.1098","article-title":"Short-term adaptation in single auditory nerve fibers: Some poststimulatory effects","volume":"40","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1121\/1.382260","article-title":"Adaptation, saturation, and physiological masking in single auditory-nerve fibers","volume":"65","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1357811","article-title":"The relationship between frequency selectivity and overshoot","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1691036","article-title":"The temporal effect with notched-noise maskers: Analysis interms of input-output functions","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2821977","article-title":"The relationship between precursor level and the temporal effect","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2074787","article-title":"The temporal effect in listeners with mild to moderate cochlear hearing impairment","volume":"118","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c29","first-page":"114","article-title":"Efferent components of the auditory system","volume":"90","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)91104-1","article-title":"Efferent innervation of the organ of Corti: Two separate systems","volume":"173","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1909389","article-title":"Temporal effects in simultaneous masking by white-noise bursts","volume":"37","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1909588","article-title":"Temporal effects in simultaneous masking and loudness","volume":"38","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071307532824100_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907619","article-title":"On some poststimulatory effects at the threshold of audibility","volume":"31","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/123\/6\/4352\/14857697\/4352_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/123\/6\/4352\/14857697\/4352_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T08:52:33Z","timestamp":1689238353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/123\/6\/4352\/537246\/The-effect-of-a-precursor-on-growth-of-forward"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.2912440","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]}}}