{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:23:47Z","timestamp":1791008627997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a calculation of the head related transfer function (HRTF) for the frontal hemisphere of the phyllostomid bat Phyllostomus discolor using an acoustic field simulation tool based on the boundary element method. From the calculated HRTF results, binaural interaural intensity differences (IIDs) are derived. The results: Region of highest sensitivity, HRTF patterns, and IID patterns are shown to be in good agreement with earlier experimental measurements on other specimens of the same bat species, i.e., the differences are within the interspecies variability range. Next, it is argued that the proposed simulation method offers distinct advantages over acoustic measurements on real bat specimens. To illustrate this, it is shown how computer manipulation of the virtual morphology model allows a more detailed comprehension of bat spatial hearing by investigating the effects of different head parts on the HRTF. From this analysis it is concluded that for this species the pinna has a significantly larger effect on the HRTF and IID patterns than the head itself. This conclusion argues in favor of a series of recent simulation studies based on pinna morphology only [R. M\u00fcller, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.\u2008116, 3701\u20133712 (2004);\u2008M\u00fcller et al., ibid\u2008119, 4083\u20134092 (2006)].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2968703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T22:47:16Z","timestamp":1224110836000},"page":"2123-2132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Simulated head related transfer function of the phyllostomid bat <i>Phyllostomus discolor<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"De Mey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiteit Antwerpen Department Milieu, Technologie en Technologiemanagement, , Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Reijniers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiteit Antwerpen Department Milieu, Technologie en Technologiemanagement, , Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Peremans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiteit Antwerpen Department Milieu, Technologie en Technologiemanagement, , Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Otani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University Research Institute of Electrical Communication, , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Firzlaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Department Biologie II, , Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023080402011063600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414883","article-title":"Effects of pinna position on head-related transfer functions in the cat","volume":"99","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00164-3","article-title":"Spectral directionality of the external ear of the lesser spear-nosed bat, phyllostomus discolor","volume":"181","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7123247","article-title":"Echolocation in bats: The external ear and perception of the vertical positions of targets","volume":"218","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.60.1.53","article-title":"Directional sensitivity of echolocation system in bats producing frequency-modulated signals","volume":"60","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413410","article-title":"Spatially dependent acoustic cues generated by the external ear of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus","volume":"98","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428283","article-title":"Spectral cues and perception of the vertical position of targets by the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381427","article-title":"Spectral cues utilized in the localization of sound in the median sagital plane","volume":"61","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396361","article-title":"The contribution of the near ear and far ear toward localization of sound in the sagittal plane","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400115","article-title":"The auditory periphery of the ferret. I. Directional response properties and the pattern of interaural level differences","volume":"88","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399545","article-title":"Direction-dependent spectral properties of cat external ear: New data and cross species comparisons","volume":"87","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428432","article-title":"Individual differences in external-ear transfer functions of cats","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1811412","article-title":"The bat head-related transfer function reveals binaural cues for sound localization in azimuth and elevation","volume":"116","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6554","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-20-06554.1996","article-title":"Neural delays shape selectivity to interaural intensity differences in the lateral superior olive","volume":"16","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c14","volume-title":"Spatial Hearing","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402627","article-title":"Neural derivation of sound source location: Resolution of spatial ambiguities in binaural cues","volume":"91","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.180.1.119","article-title":"What ears do for bats: A comparative study of pinna sound pressure transformation in chiroptera","volume":"180","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398224","article-title":"Directional sensitivity of sound-pressure levels in the human ear canal","volume":"86","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c18","first-page":"2240","article-title":"Boundary element method calculation of individual head-related transfer function. I. rigid model calculation","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1412441","article-title":"Boundary element method calculation of individual head-related transfer function. II. Impedance effects and comparison to real measurements","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.24.259","article-title":"A fast calculation method of the head-related transfer functions for multiple source points based on the boundary element method","volume":"24","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acoust. Sci. & Tech."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2191608","article-title":"Fast calculation system specialized for head-related transfer function based on boundary element method","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1643360","article-title":"Boundary element modeling of the external human auditory system","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1561495","article-title":"Finite difference computation of head-related transfer function for human hearing","volume":"113","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1815133","article-title":"A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat","volume":"116","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2200151","article-title":"A helical scanning pattern in the Chinese noctule, nyctalus plancyi","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c26","article-title":"The finite element method with the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for sound-hard rectangular rooms","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Acoustics","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c27","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c28","first-page":"779","article-title":"Hearing in the fm-bat phyllostomus discolor: A behavioral audiogram","volume":"178","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol., A"},{"key":"2023080402011063600_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415856","article-title":"Sound transmission to and within the human ear canal","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/124\/4\/2123\/15287094\/2123_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/124\/4\/2123\/15287094\/2123_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T02:01:25Z","timestamp":1691114485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/124\/4\/2123\/980872\/Simulated-head-related-transfer-function-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.2968703","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]}}}