{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:19:57Z","timestamp":1790302797716,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Auditory signals of speech are speaker dependent, but representations of language meaning are speaker independent. The transformation from speaker-dependent to speaker-independent language representations enables speech to be learned and understood from different speakers. A neural model is presented that performs speaker normalization to generate a pitch-independent representation of speech sounds, while also preserving information about speaker identity. This speaker-invariant representation is categorized into unitized speech items, which input to sequential working memories whose distributed patterns can be categorized, or chunked, into syllable and word representations. The proposed model fits into an emerging model of auditory streaming and speech categorization. The auditory streaming and speaker normalization parts of the model both use multiple strip representations and asymmetric competitive circuits, thereby suggesting that these two circuits arose from similar neural designs. The normalized speech items are rapidly categorized and stably remembered by adaptive resonance theory circuits. Simulations use synthesized steady-state vowels from the Peterson and Barney [Peterson, G. E., and Barney, H.L., J. Acoust. Soc. Am.\u200824, 175\u2013184 (1952).] vowel database and achieve accuracy rates similar to those achieved by human listeners. These results are compared to behavioral data and other speaker normalization models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2997478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T08:41:04Z","timestamp":1233996064000},"page":"3918-3936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Speaker normalization using cortical strip maps: A neural model for steady-state vowel categorization"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Ames","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Adaptive Systems Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, , and Center of Excellence for Learning In Education, Science, and Technology, , 677 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215"},{"name":"Boston University Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, , and Center of Excellence for Learning In Education, Science, and Technology, , 677 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Grossberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Adaptive Systems Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, , and Center of Excellence for Learning In Education, Science, and Technology, , 677 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215"},{"name":"Boston University Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, , and Center of Excellence for Learning In Education, Science, and Technology, , 677 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023073104021410400_c1","article-title":"Neural dynamics of auditory streaming, speaker normalization, and speech categorization","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c2","article-title":"Speaker normalization using cortical strip maps: A neural model for steady state vowel identification","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03867","article-title":"The neuronal representation of pitch in primate auditory cortex","volume":"436","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c3a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.07.001","article-title":"Neural representations of pitch in auditory cortex of humans and other primates","volume":"16","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(98)00139-7","article-title":"Tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex as detected by BOLD-FMRI","volume":"126","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-5309(84)90019-3","article-title":"Towards an auditory theory of speech normalization","volume":"4","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lang. Commun."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c7","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Neural dynamics of perceptual order and context effects for variable-rate speech syllables","volume":"6","year":"1999","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0285(02)00506-6","article-title":"Challenging the widespread assumption that connectionism and distributed representations go hand-in-hand","volume":"45","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(95)00053-4","article-title":"Fast learning VIEWNET architectures for recognizing 3-D objects from multiple 2-D views","volume":"8","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c10","volume-title":"Auditory Scene Analysis","year":"1990"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1993.5.4.408","article-title":"A self-organizing neural model of motor equivalent reaching and tool use by a multijoint arm","volume":"5","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(97)00004-X","article-title":"Distributed learning, recognition, and prediction by ART and ARTMAP neural networks","volume":"10","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(87)80014-2","article-title":"A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine","volume":"37","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c15","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition by Self-Organizing Neural Networks","year":"1991"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c15a","first-page":"87","article-title":"Adaptive resonance theory","volume-title":"The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks","author":"Arbib","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c12","first-page":"131","article-title":"Normal and amnesic learning, recognition, and memory by a neural model of cortico-hippocampal interactions","volume":"16","year":"1993","journal-title":"TINS"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90012-T","article-title":"ARTMAP: Supervised real-time learning and classification of nonstationary data by a self-organizing neural network","volume":"4","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/72.159059","article-title":"Fuzzy ARTMAP: A neural network architecture for incremental supervised learning of analog multi-dimensional maps","volume":"3","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.002570","article-title":"Neural dynamics of motion grouping: From aperture ambiguity to object speed and direction","volume":"14","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.20.3.521","article-title":"Perceptual specificity of auditory priming: Implicit memory for voice intonation and fundamental frequency","volume":"20","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1109\/89.593304","article-title":"Parallel auditory filtering by sustained and transient channels separates coarticulated vowels and consonants","volume":"5","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c22","first-page":"217","article-title":"Speech perception and production by a self-organizing neural network","volume-title":"Evolution, Learning, Cognition, and Advanced Architectures","author":"Lee","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413512","article-title":"A spectral network model of pitch perception","volume":"98","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1909003","article-title":"Case of the unknown talker","volume":"29","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0280","article-title":"Visual attention mediated by biased competition in extrastriate visual cortex","volume":"353","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c26","first-page":"1865","article-title":"A new spectral transformation for speaker normalization","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c27","first-page":"21","article-title":"Can automatic speech recognition learn more from human speech perception","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c28","first-page":"346","article-title":"A parametric approach to vocal tract length normalization","volume":"1","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000262207","article-title":"Comparative study of male and female whispered and phonated versions of the long vowels of Swedish","volume":"54","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c30","first-page":"110","article-title":"Stops in CV syllables","volume-title":"Speech Sounds and Features","author":"Fant","year":"1973"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c31","article-title":"View-invariant object category learning, recognition, and search: How spatial and object attention are coordinated using surface-based attentional shrouds","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2772228","article-title":"Static features in real-time recognition of isolated vowels at high pitch","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01423-6","article-title":"Pitch vs. spectral encoding of harmonic complex tones in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey","volume":"786","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00669-X","article-title":"Mirror-symmetric tonotopic maps in human primary auditory cortex","volume":"40","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(90)90170-T","article-title":"Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data","volume":"47","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c36","unstructured":"Glavitsch, U. (2003). \u201cSpeaker normalization with respect to F0: A perceptual approach,\u201d TIK Report No. 185, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.22.5.1166","article-title":"Words and voices: Episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory","volume":"22","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c38","first-page":"33","article-title":"Words and voices: Perception and production in an episodic lexicon","volume-title":"Talker Variability in Speech Processing","author":"Johnson","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(03)00030-5","article-title":"Puzzle-solving science: The quixotic quest for units in speech perception","volume":"31","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c40","first-page":"10","article-title":"Separate visual pathways for perception and action","volume":"15","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/sapm1973523213","article-title":"Contour enhancement, short-term memory, and constancies in reverberating neural networks","volume":"52","year":"1973","journal-title":"Stud. Appl. Math."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344744","article-title":"Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, I: Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors","volume":"23","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344744","article-title":"Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, II: Feedback, expectation, olfaction, illusions","volume":"23","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c44","first-page":"233","article-title":"A theory of human memory: Self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans","volume-title":"Progress in Theoretical Biology","author":"Rosen","year":"1978"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.87.1.1","article-title":"How does a brain build a cognitive code?","volume":"87","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206880","article-title":"3-D vision and figure ground separation by visual cortex","volume":"55","year":"1994","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.1998.0372","article-title":"The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness","volume":"8","year":"1999","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01464-9","article-title":"The complementary brain: Unifying brain dynamics and modularity","volume":"4","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582303002001003","article-title":"How does the cerebral cortex work? Development, learning, attention, and 3D vision by laminar circuits of visual cortex","volume":"2","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Neurosci. Rev."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(03)00051-2","article-title":"Resonant neural dynamics of speech perception","volume":"31","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1996.8.3.257","article-title":"The hippocampus and cerebellum in adaptively timed learning, recognition, and movement","volume":"8","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.4.735","article-title":"The resonant dynamics of speech perception: Interword integration and duration-dependent backward effects","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(03)00193-X","article-title":"A neural model of how the brain represents and compares multi-digit numbers: Spatial and categorical processes","volume":"16","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202517","article-title":"Neural dynamics of attention switching and temporal order information in short-term memory","volume":"14","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mem. Cognit."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.04.024","article-title":"Spikes, synchrony, and attentive learning by laminar thalamocortical circuits","volume":"1218","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00250-8","article-title":"A self-organizing neural system for learning to recognize textured scenes","volume":"39","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c57","first-page":"418","article-title":"Neural dynamics of variable-rate speech categorization","volume":"23","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2003.10.002","article-title":"ARTSTREAM: A neural network model of auditory scene analysis and source segregation","volume":"17","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562654","article-title":"Self-organization of binocular disparity tuning by reciprocal corticogeniculate interactions","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.102.3.594","article-title":"Speech sound acquisition, coarticulation, and rate effects in a neural network model of speech production","volume":"102","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2005.06.001","article-title":"Neural modeling and imaging of the cortical interactions underlying syllable production","volume":"96","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2003.09.006","article-title":"Roles and representations of systematic fine phonetic detail in speech understanding","volume":"31","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(94)90099-X","article-title":"Topographic representation of tone intensity along the isofrequency axis of cat primary auditory cortex","volume":"76","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c66","volume-title":"Pitch Determination of Speech Signals-Algorithms and Devices","year":"1983"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406884","article-title":"Identification of steady-state vowels synthesized from the Peterson and Barney measurements","volume":"94","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1121\/1.424676","article-title":"Identification of resynthesized \/hvd\/ utterances: effects of formant contour","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c71","article-title":"Implementing a gammatone filterbank","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","article-title":"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat\u2019s visual cortex","volume":"160","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (London)"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c73","first-page":"New","article-title":"Chapter 30: Hearing","volume-title":"Principles of Neuroscience","author":"Kandel","year":"2000","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901710108","article-title":"Organization of auditory cortex in the owl monkey","volume":"171","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.1.218","article-title":"Size and position invariance of neuronal responses in monkey inferotemporal cortex","volume":"73","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399767","article-title":"The role of perceived speaker identity in F0 normalization of vowels","volume":"88","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c77","first-page":"145","article-title":"Speech perception without speaker normalization: an exemplar model","volume-title":"Talker Variability in Speech Processing","author":"Johnson","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c78","first-page":"101","article-title":"The auditory\/perceptual basis for speech segmentation","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757024","article-title":"Speaker normalization in speech perception","volume-title":"The Handbook of Speech Perception","author":"Pisoni","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2005.08.004","article-title":"Resonance in an exemplar-based lexicon: The emergence of social identity and phonology","volume":"34","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.1999.0100","article-title":"Auditory-visual integration of talker gender in vowel perception","volume":"27","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000013783","article-title":"Subdivisions of auditory cortex and levels of processing in primates","volume":"3","year":"1998","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro-Otol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.22.11793","article-title":"Subdivisions of auditory cortex and processing streams in primates","volume":"97","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00116-6","article-title":"The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex","volume":"39","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c85","first-page":"180","article-title":"Listener adaptability to individual speaker differences in monosyllabic speech perception","volume":"44","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c86","volume-title":"Acoustic Analysis of Speech","year":"1992"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c87","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.07.010","article-title":"Perceptual adjustments to multiple speakers","volume":"56","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050148","article-title":"Frequency and periodicity are represented in orthogonal maps in the human auditory cortex: Evidence from magnetoencephalography","volume":"181","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c90","first-page":"353","article-title":"Speaker normalization using efficient frequency warping procedures","volume":"1","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/89.650310","article-title":"A frequency warping approach to speaker normalization","volume":"6","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/002383097301600406","article-title":"Vowel and speaker identification in natural and synthetic speech","volume":"16","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lang Speech"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.1978.0066","article-title":"Vowel features","volume":"54","year":"1978","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c94","volume-title":"Some Researches into the Nature of Vowel-Sound","year":"1890"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c95","first-page":"251","article-title":"Speech sounds: Their nature and causation (I)","volume":"3","year":"1890","journal-title":"Phonetische Studien"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c96","first-page":"37","article-title":"Speech sounds: Their nature and causation (II\u2013IV)","volume":"4","year":"1891","journal-title":"Phonetische Studien"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speech sounds: Their nature and causation (V\u2013VII)","volume":"5","year":"1892","journal-title":"Phonetische Studien"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.1.65","article-title":"The functional anatomy of the normal human auditory system: Responses to 0.5 and 4.0kHz tones and varied intensities","volume":"9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902680205","article-title":"Cortical connections of electrohpysiologically and architectonically defined subdivisions of auditory cortex in squirrels","volume":"268","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c100","article-title":"Using pitch frequency information in speech recognition","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c101","first-page":"757","article-title":"Speaker adaptation with all-pass transforms","volume":"2","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90731-2","article-title":"Representation of the cochlear partition of the superior temporal plane of the macaque monkey","volume":"50","year":"1973","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397862","article-title":"Auditory-perceptual representation of the vowel","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420092","article-title":"Speaker normalization in the perception of Mandarin Chinese tones","volume":"102","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903180104","article-title":"Subdivisions and connections of auditory cortex in owl monkeys","volume":"318","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903350312","article-title":"Tonotopic organization, architectonic fields, and connections of auditory cortex in macaque monkeys","volume":"335","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397861","article-title":"Static, dynamic, and relational properties in vowel perception","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.10","article-title":"Speech signals, cues and features","volume-title":"Perspectives in Experimental Linguistics","author":"Prideaux","year":"1979"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c109","first-page":"443","article-title":"Connectionist modellino in psychology: A localist manifesto","volume":"23","year":"2000","journal-title":"Commun. Math. Sci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.19.2.309","article-title":"Episodic encoding of voice attributes and recognition memory for spoken words","volume":"19","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90211-8","article-title":"Tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex revealed by transient auditory evoked magnetic fields","volume":"69","year":"1988","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2814476","article-title":"Tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex: Pitch versus frequency representation","volume":"246","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c113","article-title":"An efficient auditory filterbank based on the gammatone function","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c114","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c115","article-title":"A preliminary study of the feasibility of a hardware version of the auditory filterbank","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01060-7","article-title":"The processing of temporal pitch and melody information in auditory cortex","volume":"36","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6810","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0383-04.2004","article-title":"A neural representation of pitch salience in nonprimary human auditory cortex revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.0401.10","article-title":"Parameters of vowel quality","volume":"4","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906875","article-title":"Control methods used in a study of the vowels","volume":"24","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c120","article-title":"Functional imaging reveals numerous fields in the monkey auditory cortex","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c121","volume-title":"The Origins of Intelligence in Children","year":"1963"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2006.06.003","article-title":"The next toolkit","volume":"34","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c123","volume-title":"Pitch: Neural Coding and Perception","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi019","article-title":"Interaction of excitatory and inhibitory frequency-receptive fields in determining fundamental frequency sensitivity of primary auditory cortex neurons in awake cats","volume":"15","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199603220-00014","article-title":"Brain potentials as objective indexes of auditory pitch extraction from harmonics","volume":"7","year":"1996","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00834.2003","article-title":"Processing of band-passed noise in the lateral auditory belt cortex of the rhesus monkey","volume":"91","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7701330","article-title":"Processing of complex sounds in the macaque nonprimary auditory cortex","volume":"268","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901920207","article-title":"Tonotopic organization in the auditory cortex of the cat","volume":"192","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7079770","article-title":"Tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex","volume":"216","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c131","first-page":"81","article-title":"Audiovisual intelligibility of an androgynous speaker","author":"Benoit","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.01935.x","article-title":"Superposition of horseshoe-like periodicity and linear tonotopic maps in auditory cortex of the Mongolian gerbil","volume":"15","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c133","first-page":"273","article-title":"The anatomy of speech perception: Human auditory cortex","volume-title":"Cerebral Cortex 4","author":"Peters","year":"1985"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c134","unstructured":"Slaney, M. (1993). \u201cAn efficient implementation of Patterson-Holdsworth auditory filter bank,\u201d Apple Computer Technical Report, No. 35."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c135","unstructured":"Slaney, M. (1998). \u201cAuditory toolbox, version 2,\u201d Interval Research Corporation Technical Report No. 10."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1910769","article-title":"Vowel quality and musical timbre as functions of spectrum envelope and fundamental frequency","volume":"43","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c137","first-page":"338","article-title":"Increased attention enhances both behavioral and neuronal performance","volume":"240","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110821895","article-title":"Gradient and visual speaker normalization in the perception of fricatives","volume-title":"Natural Language Processing and Speech Technology: Results of the 3rd KONVENS Conference, Bielefeld","author":"Gibbon","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c139","volume-title":"Acoustic Phonetics","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vocal tract normalization as demonstrated by reaction times","volume":"2","year":"1973","journal-title":"Report of Speech Research in Progress"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90087-8","article-title":"A neuronal model of vowel normalization and representation","volume":"28","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418567","article-title":"An investigation of stop place of articulation as a function of syllable position","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393381","article-title":"A perceptual model of vowel recognition based on the auditory representation of American English vowels","volume":"79","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00203-3","article-title":"Frequency-dependent responses exhibited by multiple regions in human auditory cortex","volume":"150","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01125.2002","article-title":"Tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex reveled by progressions of frequency sensitivity","volume":"91","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80302-9","article-title":"Mechanical stress in phonation","volume":"8","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385780","article-title":"Perceptual dimension of openness in vowels","volume":"69","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1952.168.3.712","article-title":"A difference in the representation of auditory signals from the left and the right ears in the isofrequency of the right middle ectosylvian auditory cortex of the dog","volume":"168","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c149","first-page":"585","article-title":"An analysis of the size information in classical formant data: Peterson and Barney (1952) revisited","volume":"33","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c150","first-page":"549","volume-title":"Two Cortical Visual Systems: Separation of Appearance and Location of Objects","author":"Ingle","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381065","article-title":"What information enables a listener to map a talker\u2019s vowel space?","volume":"60","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c152","first-page":"374","article-title":"Probabilistic phonotactics and neighborhood activation in spoken word recognition","volume":"40","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208369","article-title":"Facial identity and facial speech processing: Familiar faces and voices in the McGurk effect","volume":"57","year":"1995","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400932","article-title":"Current status of Peterson-Barney vowel formant data","volume":"89","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c155","first-page":"339","article-title":"Speaker normalization on conversational telephone speech","volume":"1","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c156","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c157","first-page":"18","article-title":"Tonotopy in human auditory cortex examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"5","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383889","article-title":"Auditory cortex and the pitch of complex tones","volume":"67","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402350","article-title":"Speaker normalization of static and dynamic vowel spectral features","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, P., and Waibel, A. (1997). \u201cVocal tract length normalization for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition,\u201d Technical Report CMU-CS-97-148, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA333514"},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c162","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Speaker normalization based on frequency warping","volume":"2","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."},{"key":"2023073104021410400_c163","first-page":"13025","article-title":"Trade-off between object selectivity and tolerance in monkey inferotemporal cortex","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/124\/6\/3918\/10703425\/3918_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/124\/6\/3918\/10703425\/3918_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T04:02:54Z","timestamp":1690776174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/124\/6\/3918\/898946\/Speaker-normalization-using-cortical-strip-maps-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.2997478","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]}}}