{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:33:52Z","timestamp":1760132032809},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which synthetic vowel samples based on previously reported vocal tract area functions of eight speakers could be accurately identified by listeners. Vowels were synthesized with a wave-reflection type of vocal tract model coupled to a voice source. A particular vowel was generated by specifying an area function that had been derived from previous magnetic resonance imaging based measurements. The vowel samples were presented to ten listeners in a forced choice paradigm in which they were asked to identify the vowel. Results indicated that the vowels [i], [\u00e6], and [u] were identified most accurately for all of speakers. The identification errors of the other vowels were typically due to confusions with adjacent vowels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3033740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,21]],"date-time":"2009-01-21T23:26:14Z","timestamp":1232580374000},"page":"19-22","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of synthetic vowels based on selected vocal tract area functions"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Bunton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona Speech Acoustics Laboratory, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, , Tucson, Arizona 85721"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad H.","family":"Story","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona Speech Acoustics Laboratory, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, , Tucson, Arizona 85721"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023080809491072500_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000056197","article-title":"Perception of vowel-to-vowel transitions with different formant trajectories","volume":"58","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c4","unstructured":"Ciocea, S. (1997). \u201cSemi-analytic formant-to-area mapping,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406884","article-title":"Identification of steady-state vowels synthesized from the Peterson and Barney measurements","volume":"94","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1323463","article-title":"Some effects of duration on vowel recognition","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2005\/005)","article-title":"Open source software for experiment design and control","volume":"48","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203059","article-title":"Identification of vowels in \u2018vowelless\u2019 syllables","volume":"34","year":"1983","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c10a","article-title":"The organization of dialectic diversity in North America","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c10b"},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908694","article-title":"Information conveyed by vowels","volume":"29","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c12","unstructured":"Liljencrants, J. (1985). \u201cSpeech synthesis with a reflection-type line analog,\u201d DS thesis, Department of Speech Communication and Music Acoustic, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2006.876751","article-title":"Real-time dynamic articulations in the 2-D waveguide mesh vocal tract model","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397861","article-title":"Static, dynamic, and relational properties in vowel perception","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199296675.001.0001","article-title":"Probabilistic \u2018sliding-template\u2019 models for indirect vowel normalization","volume-title":"Experimental Approches to Phonology","author":"Sole","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2769624","article-title":"Dynamic spectral structure specifies vowels for children and adults","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c17","first-page":"17","article-title":"Vowel recognition and (adaptive) speaker normalization","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Speech and Computer","author":"Kokkinakis","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912389","article-title":"Effect of glottal pulse shape on the quality of natural vowels","volume":"49","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c19","unstructured":"Story, B. H. (1995). \u201cSpeech simulation with an enhanced wave-reflection model of the vocal tract,\u201d .Ph.D. thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415960","article-title":"Vocal tract area functions from magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423298","article-title":"Vocal tract area functions for an adult female speaker based on volumetric imaging","volume":"104","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2118367","article-title":"Synergistic modes of vocal tract articulation for American English vowels","volume":"118","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1869752","article-title":"A parametric model of the vocal tract area function for vowel and consonant simulation","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2151802","article-title":"A technique for \u2018tuning' vocal tract area functions based on acoustic sensitivity functions","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2730621","article-title":"Time-dependence of vocal tract modes during production of vowels and vowel sequences","volume":"121","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2805683","article-title":"Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging-based vocal tract area functions obtained from the same speaker in 1994 and 2002","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809491072500_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1121\/1.389855","article-title":"Dynamic specification of coarticulated vowels spoken in sentence context","volume":"74","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/125\/1\/19\/15287901\/19_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/125\/1\/19\/15287901\/19_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T09:49:15Z","timestamp":1709977755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/125\/1\/19\/1058804\/Identification-of-synthetic-vowels-based-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3033740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]}}}