{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:17:01Z","timestamp":1791051421166,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The neural mechanisms underlying the ability of human listeners to recognize speech in the presence of background noise are still imperfectly understood. However, there is mounting evidence that the medial olivocochlear system plays an important role, via efferents that exert a suppressive effect on the response of the basilar membrane. The current paper presents a computer modeling study that investigates the possible role of this activity on speech intelligibility in noise. A model of auditory efferent processing [Ferry, R. T., and Meddis, R. (2007). J. Acoust. Soc. Am.\u2008122, 3519\u20133526] is used to provide acoustic features for a statistical automatic speech recognition system, thus allowing the effects of efferent activity on speech intelligibility to be quantified. Performance of the \u201cbasic\u201d model (without efferent activity) on a connected digit recognition task is good when the speech is uncorrupted by noise but falls when noise is present. However, recognition performance is much improved when efferent activity is applied. Furthermore, optimal performance is obtained when the amount of efferent activity is proportional to the noise level. The results obtained are consistent with the suggestion that efferent suppression causes a \u201crelease from adaptation\u201d in the auditory-nerve response to noisy speech, which enhances its intelligibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3273893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,5]],"date-time":"2010-02-05T23:58:20Z","timestamp":1265414300000},"page":"943-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["A computer model of auditory efferent suppression: Implications for the recognition of speech in noise"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Guy J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield Department of Computer Science, , Sheffield S1 4DP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Ferry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Essex Department of Psychology, , Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Meddis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Essex Department of Psychology, , Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080104211850100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2166600","article-title":"A glimpsing model of speech perception in noise","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1142\/6124","article-title":"Medial olivocochlear efferent effects on basilar membrane response to sound","volume-title":"Auditory Mechanisms: Processes and Models","author":"Nuttall","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1109\/TSA.2005.853002","article-title":"Noise robust speech recognition using feature compensation based on polynomial regression of utterance SNR","volume":"13","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04575.1992","article-title":"The active cochlea","volume":"12","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1968.31.1.122","article-title":"Efferent olivocochlear bundle: Some relationships to stimulus discrimination in noise","volume":"31","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396052","article-title":"Masked cochlear whole-nerve response intensity functions altered by electrical-stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421008","article-title":"Frequency-dependent enhancement of basilar membrane velocity during olivocochlear bundle stimulation","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c8","unstructured":"Ferry, R. T. (2008). \u201cAuditory processing and the medial olivocochlear efferent system,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Essex, Colchester, UK."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2799914","article-title":"A computer model of medial efferent suppression in the mammalian auditory system","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1561\/2000000004","article-title":"The application of hidden Markov models in speech recognition","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c11","first-page":"163","article-title":"Using auditory feedback and rhythmicity for diphone discrimination of degraded speech","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73009-5","article-title":"Towards predicting consonant confusions of degraded speech","volume-title":"Hearing\u2014From Sensory Processing to Perception","author":"Kollmeier","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199705060-00042","article-title":"Auditory efferents involved in speech-in-noise intelligibility","volume":"8","year":"1997","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0757-3","article-title":"Physiology of olivocochlear efferents","volume-title":"The Cochlea","author":"Dallos","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240507.83072.e7","article-title":"Olivocochlear efferents: Anatomy, physiology, function, and the measurement of efferent effects in humans","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(88)90075-5","article-title":"Effects of electrical stimulation of efferent olivocochlear neurons on cat auditory-nerve fibers. III. Tuning curves and thresholds at CF","volume":"37","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1121\/1.416066","article-title":"Medial efferent inhibition produces the largest equivalent attenuations at moderate to high sound levels in cat auditory-nerve fibers","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1109\/89.326616","article-title":"Rasta processing of speech","volume":"2","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(97)00197-4","article-title":"Effects of bilateral olivocochlear lesions on vowel formant discrimination in cats","volume":"116","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2007.05.009","article-title":"Speech encoding in a model of peripheral auditory processing: Quantitative assessment by means of automatic speech recognition","volume":"49","year":"2007","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2824018","article-title":"Effects of moderate cochlear hearing loss on the ability to benefit from temporal fine structure information in speech","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111000106","article-title":"Intraoperative assessment of stapes movement","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1109\/89.397093","article-title":"A comparison of signal processing front ends for automatic word recognition","volume":"3","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2006.03.004","article-title":"Effects of age on speech understanding in normal hearing listeners: Relationship between the auditory efferent system and speech intelligibility in noise","volume":"48","year":"2006","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AUD.0000120363.56591.E6","article-title":"Functioning of olivocochlear bundle and speech perception in noise","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.5.1779","article-title":"Response properties of cochlear efferent neurons: Monaural vs. binaural stimulation and the effects of noise","volume":"60","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(98)00019-7","article-title":"Feedback control of the auditory periphery: Anti-masking effects of middle ear muscles vs. olivocochlear efferents","volume":"31","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(97)00021-6","article-title":"Speech recognition by machines and humans","volume":"22","year":"1997","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c29","first-page":"69","article-title":"Efficient cepstral normalization for robust speech recognition","year":"1993"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1416197","article-title":"A human nonlinear cochlear filterbank","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c31","first-page":"385","article-title":"Effects of bilateral olivocochlear lesions on pure-tone intensity discrimination in cats","volume":"1","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aud. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2139628","article-title":"Auditory-nerve first-spike latency and auditory absolute threshold: A computer model","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1370357","article-title":"A computational algorithm for computing nonlinear auditory frequency selectivity","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2009.02.002","article-title":"A non-linear efferent-inspired model of the auditory system; matching human confusions in stationary noise","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055960","article-title":"The masking of speech","volume":"44","year":"1947","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906584","article-title":"The intelligibility of interrupted speech","volume":"22","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c37","volume-title":"Discrete-Time Signal Processing","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c38","first-page":"29","article-title":"The AURORA experimental framework for the performance evaluation of speech recognition systems under noisy conditions","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626","article-title":"A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications","volume":"77","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420083","article-title":"Medial efferent inhibition suppresses basilar membrane responses to near characteristic frequency tones of moderate to high intensities","volume":"102","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c41","first-page":"115","article-title":"Adequacy of auditory-nerve rate representations of vowels: Comparison with behavioural measures in cat","volume-title":"Listening to Speech: An Auditory Perspective","author":"Greenberg","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(96)00168-2","article-title":"On the role of the olivocochlear bundle in hearing: 16 case studies","volume":"103","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1453451","article-title":"A revised model of the inner-hair cell and auditory-nerve complex","volume":"111","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1515777","article-title":"Adaptation in a revised inner-hair cell model","volume":"113","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1568946","article-title":"A nonlinear filterbank model of the guinea-pig cochlear nerve: Rate responses","volume":"113","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480701361954","article-title":"Speech-in-noise intelligibility does not correlate with efferent olivocochlear reflex in humans with normal hearing","volume":"128","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912234","article-title":"Effects of electric stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle on single auditory-nerve-fibers in the cat","volume":"48","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c48","first-page":"212","article-title":"Rate coding in the auditory nerve","volume-title":"Auditory Processing of Complex Sounds","author":"Yost","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(88)90116-5","article-title":"Single-tone intensity discrimination based on auditory-nerve rate responses in backgrounds of quiet, noise, and with stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle","volume":"35","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080104211850100_c50","volume-title":"The Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK)","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/127\/2\/943\/15291657\/943_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/127\/2\/943\/15291657\/943_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T04:38:41Z","timestamp":1690864721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/127\/2\/943\/917948\/A-computer-model-of-auditory-efferent-suppression"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3273893","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}}}