{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:55:16Z","timestamp":1791075316988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The frequencies of vocal tract resonances estimated using whisper and creak phonations are compared with those in normal phonation for subjects who produced pairs of these phonations in the same vocal gesture. Peaks in the spectral envelope were used to measure the frequencies of the first four resonances (R1\u2013R4) for the non-periodic phonations, and broadband excitation at the mouth was used to measure them with similar precision in normal phonation. For resonances R1\u2013R4, whispering raises the average resonant frequencies by 255 Hz with standard deviation 90 Hz, 115\u00b1105, 125\u00b1125, and 75\u00b1120\u2002Hz, respectively. A simple one dimensional model of the vocal tract is presented and used to show how an effective glottal area can be estimated from shifts in resonance frequency measured during the same vocal gesture. Calculations suggest that the effective glottal area thus defined increases to 40\u00b130\u2002mm2 during whispering. Creak phonation raised significantly only the first and third resonant frequencies, by 45\u00b150 and 65\u00b1120\u2002Hz respectively. It thus appears possible to use creak phonation to determine resonances with more precision than is available from the spectral envelope of voiced speech, and this supports its use in teaching resonance tuning to singers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3316288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]],"date-time":"2010-04-07T04:14:45Z","timestamp":1270613685000},"page":"2590-2598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The effect of whisper and creak vocal mechanisms on vocal tract resonances"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Yoni","family":"Swerdlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales School of Physics, , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales School of Physics, , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales School of Physics, , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023073102354224100_c1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acoustic analysis of voice source dynamics","volume":"25","year":"1984","journal-title":"Speech Transm. Lab. Q. Prog. Status Rep."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c2","first-page":"1046","article-title":"The effect of glottal opening on the acoustic response of the vocal tract","volume":"93","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Acust. Acust."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151411","article-title":"Experienced saxophonists learn to tune their vocal tracts","volume":"319","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3177269","article-title":"Pitch bending and glissandi on the clarinet: Roles of the vocal tract and partial tone hole closure","volume":"126","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c5","volume-title":"An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c6","first-page":"26","article-title":"On hearing, feeling and using the instrumental resonance of the singing voice","volume":"31","year":"1974","journal-title":"NATS Bulletin"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c7","first-page":"95","article-title":"Vocal tract resonances: A preliminary study of sex differences for young Australians","volume":"31","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acoust. Aust."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099804100101","article-title":"Learning to pronounce vowel sounds in a foreign language using acoustic measurements of the vocal tract as feedback in real time","volume":"41","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lang Speech"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/8\/10\/012","article-title":"A novel instrument to measure acoustic resonances of the vocal tract during speech","volume":"8","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c10","volume-title":"Acoustic Theory of Speech Production","year":"1970"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c11","volume-title":"Speech Sounds and Features","year":"1973"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c12","first-page":"9","article-title":"A preliminary study of acoustic voice quality correlates","volume":"30","year":"1989","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430600891504","article-title":"Resonance strategies used in Bulgarian women\u2019s singing style: A pilot study","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1103.600","article-title":"Vocal fry as a phonational register","volume":"11","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/427116a","article-title":"Tuning of vocal tract resonance by sopranos","volume":"427","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1791717","article-title":"Vocal tract resonances in singing: The soprano voice","volume":"116","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c17","first-page":"739","article-title":"Formant feature differences between whispered and voiced sustained vowels","volume":"84","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acustica"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2702.251","article-title":"Formant-frequency differences between isolated whispered and phonated vowel samples produced by adult female subjects","volume":"27","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30864-2","article-title":"An acoustic comparison of isolated whispered and phonated vowel samples produced by adult male subjects","volume":"12","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c20","volume-title":"Investigating Phonation Types in Different Languages","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912750","article-title":"Acoustical consequences of lip, tongue, jaw, and larynx movement","volume":"50","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c22","first-page":"133","article-title":"Acoustic nature of the whisper","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(97)80018-5","article-title":"Comparison of vocal tract formants in singing and non-periodic phonation","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2601.89","article-title":"The accuracy of formant frequency measurements: A comparison of spectrographic analysis and linear prediction","volume":"26","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1558\/sll.2001.8.1.100","article-title":"The influence of creaky voice on formant frequency changes","volume":"8","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Linguistics"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c26","first-page":"239","article-title":"Laryngeal movement while playing wind instruments","year":"1992"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c27","first-page":"549","article-title":"Vocal tract acoustic transfer function measurements: Further developments and applications","volume":"C5","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. IV"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c28","article-title":"Resonance tuning in singing","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL196","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3104622","article-title":"Vowel-pitch matching in Wagner\u2019s operas: Implications for intelligibility and ease of singing","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/6\/9\/015","article-title":"Phasing of harmonic components to optimize measure signal-to-noise ratios of transfer functions","volume":"6","year":"1995","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0377-82","article-title":"The acoustics of the singing voice","volume":"236","year":"1977","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2009.01.001","article-title":"Whispering\u2014A single subject study of glottal configuration and aerodynamics","volume-title":"J. Voice","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2933494","article-title":"How whisper and creak phonation affect vocal tract resonances","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/43639a","article-title":"The vocal tract and the sound of the didgeridoo","volume":"436","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2146089","article-title":"Vocal tract resonances and the sound of the Australian didjeridu (yidaki): I. Experiment","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395910","article-title":"The physics of small-amplitude oscillations of the vocal folds","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c37","first-page":"641","article-title":"Theory of glottal airflow and source-filter interaction in speaking and singing","volume":"90","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Acust. Acust."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2832337","article-title":"Nonlinear source-filter coupling in phonation: Theory","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710600108","article-title":"Laryngeal adjustment in whispering: Magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"106","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023073102354224100_c40","first-page":"6","article-title":"Vocal tract resonances in speech, singing and playing musical instruments","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Frontier Science Program Journal"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/2590\/13803946\/2590_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/2590\/13803946\/2590_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T02:36:02Z","timestamp":1690770962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/127\/4\/2590\/897944\/The-effect-of-whisper-and-creak-vocal-mechanisms"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3316288","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]}}}