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Six female and seven male subjects, singers and non-singers, were asked to imitate an instructor in producing four phonation types: \u201caBducted falsetto\u201d (FaB), \u201caDducted falsetto\u201d (FaD), \u201caBducted Chest\u201d (CaB), and \u201caDducted Chest\u201d (CaD). The phonations were evaluated using videostroboscopy, videokymography (VKG), electroglottography (EGG), and audio recordings. All the subjects showed less posterior (cartilaginous) vocal fold adduction in phonation types FaB and CaB than in FaD and CaD, and less membranous vocal fold adduction (smaller closed quotient) in FaB and FaD than in CaB and CaD. The findings indicate that the exercises enabled the singers to separately manipulate (a) cartilaginous adduction and (b) membranous medialization of the glottis though vocal fold bulging. Membranous adduction (monitored via videokymographic closed quotient) was influenced by both membranous medialization and cartilaginous adduction. Individual control over these types of vocal fold adjustments allows singers to create different vocal timbres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3552874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,9]],"date-time":"2011-04-09T00:58:02Z","timestamp":1302310682000},"page":"2253-2262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Membranous and cartilaginous vocal fold adduction in singing"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Christian T.","family":"Herbst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Olomouc Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd , 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingjun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cymo B.V. , Stavangerweg 21-2, 9723 JC, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harm K.","family":"Schutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cymo B.V. , Stavangerweg 21-2, 9723 JC, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan G.","family":"\u0160vec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Olomouc Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd , 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023073102091346700_c1","article-title":"Bonferroni and \u0160id\u00e1k corrections for multiple comparisons","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics","author":"Salkind","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023073102091346700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000264090","article-title":"Arytenoid displacement by simulated intrinsic muscle contraction","volume":"29","year":"1977","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr."},{"key":"2023073102091346700_c3","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Clinical Measurement of Speech and Voice","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"3,4","key":"2023073102091346700_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430500294031","article-title":"Electrolaryngographically derived voice source changes of child and adolescent singers","volume":"30","year":"2005","journal-title":"Logoped. 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