{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:55:13Z","timestamp":1791075313549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three Music Theater vocal qualities (\u201cchesty belt,\u201d \u201ctwangy belt,\u201d and \u201clegit\u201d) were investigated in female singers at their overlap range, between F#4-D5 (\u223c370-600\u2009Hz). Six experienced Music Theater singers performed each quality on two different vowels ([e], [\u0254]). Audio and electroglottographic (EGG) signals were recorded as well as the vocal tract impedance. In chesty belt and twangy belt, singers systematically tuned the frequency of their first vocal tract resonance (R1) to the second harmonic (2f0) up to C5. R1 remained lower in frequency for the legit quality. No tuning of the second vocal tract resonance (R2) was observed in any of these qualities although R2 frequency was significantly higher in both belt qualities than in legit. Closed quotient, degree of symmetry of the EGG waveform, sound pressure level (SPL) and the energy of the spectrum above 1\u2009kHz were significantly greater in chesty belt than in legit but not significantly different between chesty belt and twangy belt qualities. A fourth quality (\u201cmix\u201d) was explored in three singers. Different production strategies were observed for each singer, with values of spectral, glottal and vocal tract descriptors found in between those measured for legit and chesty belt qualities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3675010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,15]],"date-time":"2012-02-15T13:36:48Z","timestamp":1329313008000},"page":"1586-1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Physiological and acoustic characteristics of the female music theater voice"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Tracy","family":"Bourne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ballarat , Arts Academy, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00ebva","family":"Garnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales School of Physics, , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080106472100900_c1","article-title":"American Academy of Teachers of Singing: In Support of Contemporary Commercial Music (nonclassical) Voice Pedagogy","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c2","first-page":"401","article-title":"A guide to evaluating music theater singing for the classical teacher","volume":"61","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2008.10.003","article-title":"Closed quotient and spectral measures of female adolescent singers in different singing styles","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(00)80027-2","article-title":"Resonance strategies for the belting style: Results of a single female subject study","volume":"14","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2005.01.008","article-title":"Voice source differences between registers in female musical theater singers","volume":"20","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c6","first-page":"170","article-title":"Music theater voice: Production, physiology and pedagogy","volume-title":"Perspectives on Teaching Singing: Australian Vocal Pedagogues Sing Their Stories","author":"Harrison","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c7","article-title":"Perceptual descriptions of legit and belt voice qualities in music theater","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ANATS Conference","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c8","first-page":"261","article-title":"Vocal techniques for music theater: The high school and undergraduate singer","volume":"61","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c9","article-title":"Is \u2018voix mixte\u2019, the vocal technique used to smooth the transition across the two main laryngeal mechanisms, or an independent mechanism","volume-title":"Proceedings of ISMA","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(01)00006-6","article-title":"LTAS characteristics of country singers during speaking and singing","volume":"15","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c11","first-page":"67","article-title":"Belting: bel canto or brutto canto","volume":"58","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c12","first-page":"431","article-title":"A broader Broadway","volume":"59","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c13","first-page":"285","article-title":"Belt yourself","volume":"60","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/8\/10\/012","article-title":"A novel instrument to measure acoustic resonances of the vocal tract during speech","volume":"8","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c15","first-page":"82","article-title":"Observations about the quality called belting","volume-title":"The Ninth Symposium, Care of the Professional Voice","author":"Weinberg","year":"1980"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c16","first-page":"37","article-title":"Belting and classic voice quality: some physiological differences","volume":"3","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Probl, Performing Artists"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Registration of voice quality","volume":"3","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br\u00fcel and Kjaer Tech. Rev."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3419907","article-title":"Vocal tract adjustments in the high soprano range","volume":"127","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c19","unstructured":"Henrich, N. (2001). \u201cEtude de la source glottique en voix parl\u00e9e et chant\u00e9e,\u201d [The glottal source in speech and singing], Ph.D thesis, the University of Paris 6, France, pp. 42\u201353."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430500344844","article-title":"Mirroring the voice from Garcia to the present day: Some insights into singing voice registers","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1646401","article-title":"On the use of the derivative of electroglottographic signals for characterization of nonpathological phonation","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1850031","article-title":"Glottal open quotient in singing: Measurements and correlation with laryngeal mechanisms, vocal intensity, and fundamental frequency","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430600891504","article-title":"Resonance strategies used in Bulgarian women\u2019s singing style: A pilot study","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c24","first-page":"50","article-title":"The role of the layer structure of the vocal fold in register control","volume-title":"Vox Humana","author":"Hurme","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80206-1","article-title":"Measures of vocal function during changes in vocal effort level","volume":"9","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1791717","article-title":"Vocal tract resonances in singing: The soprano voice","volume":"116","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c53","first-page":"620","article-title":"Voies nerveuses et physiologie de la phonation (Nerve pathways and physiology of phonation)","volume-title":"Encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9dico-chirurgicale, oto-rhino-laryngologie","year":"1994"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c27","article-title":"Investigating \u2018voix mixte\u2019: A scientific challenge towards a renewed vocal pedagogy","volume-title":"Proceedings of CIM","author":"Maimets-Volk","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c28","first-page":"26","article-title":"Laryngological observations on belting","volume":"2","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Res. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2009.02.004","article-title":"Perceptual findings on the broadway belt voice","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c30","first-page":"249","article-title":"Contemporary commercial music: More than one way to use the vocal tract","volume":"58","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2006.11.002","article-title":"Contemporary commercial music","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(99)80024-1","article-title":"Preliminary study on the ability of trained singers to control the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal musculature","volume":"13","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c33","first-page":"545","article-title":"A classical pedagogue explores belting","volume":"64","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80083-9","article-title":"Whither Belting?","volume":"4","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c35","unstructured":"Miller, D. G. (2000). \u201cRegisters in singing: Empirical and systematic studies in the theory of the singing voice,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Groningen, Netherlands, pp. 1\u2013240."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(97)80038-0","article-title":"The speaker\u2019s formant in male voices","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(96)80003-8","article-title":"Singing power ratio: Quantitative evaluation of singing voice quality","volume":"10","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c38","first-page":"53","article-title":"The Broadway voice. I. Just singin\u2019 in the pain","volume":"29","year":"1979","journal-title":"High Fidelity"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c39","first-page":"77","article-title":"The multiplicity of belting","volume":"64","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Singing"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c40","unstructured":"Roubeau, B. (1993). \u201cM\u00e9canismes vibratoires laryng\u00e9s et contr\u00f4le neuro-musculaire de la fr\u00e9quence fondamentale (Laryngeal vibratory mechanisms and neuromuscular control of fundamental frequency),\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Orsay, France."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080106472100900_c54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489709113421","article-title":"Electromyographic activity of strap and cricothyroid muscles in pitch change","volume":"117","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2007.10.014","article-title":"Laryngeal vibratory mechanisms: The notion of vocal register revisted","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80344-3","article-title":"Belting and pop, nonclassical approaches to the female middle voice: Some preliminary conclusions","volume":"7","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c43","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Science of Voice","year":"1929"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1352085","article-title":"The relationship of vocal tract shape to three voice qualities","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80118-3","article-title":"Comparisons of pharynx, source, formant, and pressure characteristics in operatic and musical theater singing","volume":"7","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2208451","article-title":"Effects of vocal loudness variation on spectrum balance as reflected by the alpha measure of long-term-average spectra of speech","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2009.03.003","article-title":"What is \u2018twang\u2019","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(01)00052-2","article-title":"Acoustic interpretation of resonant voice","volume":"15","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430310018874","article-title":"Source and filter adjustments affecting the perception of the vocal qualities twang and yawn","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3160296","article-title":"Modeling source-filter interaction in belting and high-pitched operatic male singing","volume":"126","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c51","first-page":"19","article-title":"Vocal ligaments versus registers","volume":"1","year":"1960","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Phoniatr. Logoped."},{"key":"2023080106472100900_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(89)80057-8","article-title":"The contribution of aryepiglottic constriction to \u201cringing\u201d voice quality\u2014A videolaryngoscopic study with acoustic analysis","volume":"3","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Voice"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/131\/2\/1586\/14738612\/1586_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/131\/2\/1586\/14738612\/1586_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T06:48:41Z","timestamp":1690872521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/131\/2\/1586\/918234\/Physiological-and-acoustic-characteristics-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3675010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}}}