{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:55:16Z","timestamp":1791075316302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The linear source-filter theory of speech production assumes that vocal fold vibration is independent of the vocal tract. The justification is that the glottis often behaves as a high-impedance (constant flow) source. Recent imaging of the vocal tract has demonstrated, however, that the epilarynx tube is quite narrow, making the input impedance to the vocal tract comparable to the glottal impedance. Strong interactions can exist, therefore. In particular, the inertance of the vocal tract facilitates vocal fold vibration by lowering the oscillation threshold pressure. This has a significant impact on singing. Not only does the epilarynx tube produce the desirable singer\u2019s formant (vocal ring), but it acts like the mouthpiece of a trumpet to shape the flow and influence the mode of vibration. Effects of the piriform sinuses, pharynx expansion, and nasal coupling are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:21:24Z","timestamp":1027678884000},"page":"2234-2243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":266,"title":["Acoustic interactions of the voice source with the lower vocal tract"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Ingo R.","family":"Titze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology and The National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1012"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad H.","family":"Story","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology and The National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1012"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071402551317100_r1","first-page":"24","article-title":"A physical definition of good \u2018voice-quality\u2019 in the male voice","volume":"1","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1121\/1.409875","article-title":"Interpretation of biomechanical simulations of normal and chaotic vocal fold oscillations with empirical eigenfunctions","volume":"95,","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r3"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414150","article-title":"Local and global effects of the pyriform fossa on speech spectra","volume":"98","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r5","first-page":"3374","article-title":"Acoustic characteristics of the piriform fossa in models and humans","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r6"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r7"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r8"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r9"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r10"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r11"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r12"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r13"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r14"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r15","first-page":"7","article-title":"A hybrid time-frequency domain articulatory speech synthesizer","volume":"ASSP-35","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r16"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412234","article-title":"Voice simulation with a body cover model of the vocal folds","volume":"97","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415960","article-title":"Vocal tract area functions from magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914609","article-title":"Articulatory interpretation of the singing formants","volume":"55","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r20"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r21"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395910","article-title":"The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380498","article-title":"Normal modes in vocal cord tissues","volume":"57","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r24"},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400472","article-title":"Observation of perturbations in a lumped-element model of the vocal folds with applications to some pathological cases","volume":"89","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071402551317100_r26"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/101\/4\/2234\/8082279\/2234_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/101\/4\/2234\/8082279\/2234_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T22:57:35Z","timestamp":1689289055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/101\/4\/2234\/558246\/Acoustic-interactions-of-the-voice-source-with-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.418246","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,1]]}}}