{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T22:26:47Z","timestamp":1776205607663,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The hearing thresholds of two adult manatees were measured using a forced-choice two alternative paradigm and an up\/down staircase psychometric method. This is the first behavioral audiogram measured for any Sirenian, as well as the first underwater infrasonic psychometric test with a marine mammal. Auditory thresholds were obtained from 0.4 to 46 kHz, and detection thresholds of possible vibrotactile origin were measured at 0.015\u20130.2 kHz. The U-shaped audiogram demonstrates an upper limit of functional hearing at 46 kHz with peak frequency sensitivity at 16 and 18 kHz (50 dB re: 1\u03bcPa). The range of best hearing is 6\u201320 kHz (approximately 9 dB down from maximum sensitivity). Sensitivity falls 20 dB per octave below 0.8 kHz and approximately 40 dB per octave above 26 kHz. The audiogram demonstrates a wider range of hearing and greater sensitivity than was suggested from evoked potential and anatomical studies. High frequency sensitivity may be an adaptation to shallow water, where the propagation of low frequency sound is limited by physical boundary effects. Hearing abilities of manatees and other marine mammals may have also been shaped by ambient and thermal noise curves in the sea. Inadequate hearing sensitivity at low frequencies may be a contributing factor to the manatees\u2019 inability to effectively detect boat noise and avoid collisions with boats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.424681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:21:02Z","timestamp":1027693262000},"page":"3575-3583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["The underwater audiogram of the West Indian manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Edmund R.","family":"Gerstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 3091, Boca Raton, Florida\u200933431-0991"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 3091, Boca Raton, Florida\u200933431-0991"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Forsythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navy Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Newport, Rhode Island\u200902841-1708"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Blue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leviathan Legacy, Inc., 3313 Northglen Drive, Orlando, Florida\u200932806"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071323584382800_aub","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397022","article-title":"Low-frequency underwater hearing sensitivity in belugas, Delphinapterus leucas","volume":"84","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. 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