{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:44:37Z","timestamp":1790894677143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A finite-difference time-domain model for ultrasonic pulse propagation through soft tissue has been extended to incorporate absorption effects as well as longitudinal-wave propagation in cartilage and bone. This extended model has been used to simulate ultrasonic propagation through anatomically detailed representations of chest wall structure. The inhomogeneous chest wall tissue is represented by two-dimensional maps determined by staining chest wall cross sections to distinguish between tissue types, digitally scanning the stained cross sections, and mapping each pixel of the scanned images to fat, muscle, connective tissue, cartilage, or bone. Each pixel of the tissue map is then assigned a sound speed, density, and absorption value determined from published measurements and assumed to be representative of the local tissue type. Computational results for energy level fluctuations and arrival time fluctuations show qualitative agreement with measurements performed on the same specimens, but show significantly less waveform distortion than measurements. Visualization of simulated tissue\u2013ultrasound interactions in the chest wall shows possible mechanisms for image aberration in echocardiography, including effects associated with reflection and diffraction caused by rib structures. A comparison of distortion effects for varying pulse center frequencies shows that, for soft tissue paths through the chest wall, energy level and waveform distortion increase markedly with rising ultrasonic frequency and that arrival-time fluctuations increase to a lesser degree.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:08:13Z","timestamp":1027692493000},"page":"3665-3677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Simulation of ultrasonic pulse propagation, distortion, and attenuation in the human chest wall"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"T. Douglas","family":"Mast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania\u200916802"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Hinkelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York\u200914627"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon A.","family":"Metlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, New York\u200914642"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York\u200914627"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Waag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Radiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York\u200914627"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023073123315427000_r1"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r2"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r3"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r4"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(14)80216-2","article-title":"Complications of transesophageal echocardiography in ambulatory adult patients: analysis of 1500 consecutive examinations","volume":"4","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.3.817","article-title":"Safety of transesophageal echocardiography: a multicenter survey of 10,419 examination","volume":"83","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870100902","article-title":"Distortions of ultrasonic field introduced by the rib cage in echocardiography","volume":"10","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418248","article-title":"Measurements of ultrasonic pulse distortion produced by the human chest wall","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1109\/58.710577","article-title":"Two-step hybrid virtual array-ray (VAR) technique for focusing through the rib cage","volume":"45","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421015","article-title":"Simulation of ultrasonic pulse propagation through the abdominal wall","volume":"102","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423946","article-title":"The effect of abdominal wall morphology on ultrasonic pulse distortion. Part I: Measurements","volume":"104","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423947","article-title":"The effect of abdominal wall morphology on ultrasonic pulse distortion. Part II: Simulations","volume":"104","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r13"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r14"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/T-UFFC.1987.26946","article-title":"Computational methods for simulating ultrasound scattering in soft tissue","volume":"34","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r16","first-page":"25","article-title":"FDTD simulations for ultrasound propagation in a 2-D breast model","volume":"118","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401863","article-title":"A numerical method for general finite amplitude wave propagation and its application to spark pulses","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r18"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-1976-0443362-6","article-title":"Dissipative two-four methods for time-dependent problems","volume":"30","year":"1976","journal-title":"Math. Comput."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(80)90073-X","article-title":"On the practical use of high-order methods for hyperbolic systems","volume":"35","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1996.19.4.321","article-title":"Modified Gomori trichrome stain for macroscopic tissue slices","volume":"19","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Histotech."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r22"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r23"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1966.tb03071.x","article-title":"Sex differences in the calcification of the costal cartilages","volume":"14","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriat. Soc."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406819","article-title":"Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature","volume":"93","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r26"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1121\/1.382016","article-title":"Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues","volume":"64","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1121\/1.384509","article-title":"Compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues II","volume":"68","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r29","first-page":"615","article-title":"Ultrasonic assessment of skin and wounds with the scanning laser acoustic microscope","volume":"8","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56248-7","article-title":"The determination of collagen and elastin in tissues","volume":"186","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r31"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r32"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-59-708-1209","article-title":"The composition of body tissues","volume":"59","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r34"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r35"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r36"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1121\/1.410304","article-title":"Correction of ultrasonic wavefront distortion using backpropagation and a reference waveform method for time-shift compensation","volume":"96","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408347","article-title":"Measurements of ultrasonic pulse arrival time and energy level variations produced by propagation through abdominal wall","volume":"95","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r39"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90008-5","article-title":"On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density","volume":"21","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90042-D","article-title":"Young\u2019s modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and tensile measurements","volume":"26","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00177-8","article-title":"The elastic properties of trabecular and cortical bone tissues are similar: results from two microscopic measurement techniques","volume":"32","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1121\/1.389723","article-title":"Parameters influencing the sonic velocity in compact calcified tissues of various species","volume":"74","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r44"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381236","article-title":"Shear properties of mammalian tissues at low MHz frequencies","volume":"60","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1121\/1.390158","article-title":"Ultrasonic shear wave properties of soft tissues and tissuelike materials","volume":"74","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380777","article-title":"Ultrasonic properties of freshly frozen dog tibia","volume":"58","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2796085","article-title":"Ultrasonic wave velocity measurement in small polymeric and cortical bone specimens","volume":"119","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1109\/5.241512","article-title":"Ultrasonic characterization of fractal media","volume":"81","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r50"},{"key":"2023073123315427000_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1121\/1.419898","article-title":"Focusing and imaging using eigenfunctions of the scattering operator","volume":"102","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/106\/6\/3665\/10679223\/3665_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/106\/6\/3665\/10679223\/3665_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T23:32:10Z","timestamp":1690846330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/106\/6\/3665\/915916\/Simulation-of-ultrasonic-pulse-propagation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.428209","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]}}}