{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:56:03Z","timestamp":1790895363450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>All-pole modeling is a widely used formant estimation method, but its performance is known to deteriorate for high-pitched voices. In order to address this problem, several all-pole modeling methods robust to fundamental frequency have been proposed. This study compares five such previously known methods and introduces a technique, Weighted Linear Prediction with Attenuated Main Excitation (WLP-AME). WLP-AME utilizes temporally weighted linear prediction (LP) in which the square of the prediction error is multiplied by a given parametric weighting function. The weighting downgrades the contribution of the main excitation of the vocal tract in optimizing the filter coefficients. Consequently, the resulting all-pole model is affected more by the characteristics of the vocal tract leading to less biased formant estimates. By using synthetic vowels created with a physical modeling approach, the results showed that WLP-AME yields improved formant frequencies for high-pitched sounds in comparison to the previously known methods (e.g., relative error in the first formant of the vowel [a] decreased from 11% to 3% when conventional LP was replaced with WLP-AME). Experiments conducted on natural vowels indicate that the formants detected by WLP-AME changed in a more regular manner between repetitions of different pitch than those computed by conventional LP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4812756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T23:09:48Z","timestamp":1375484988000},"page":"1295-1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Formant frequency estimation of high-pitched vowels using weighted linear prediction"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Paavo","family":"Alku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Aalto University , P.O. 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Box 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Maria","family":"Laukkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Communication and Voice Research, University of Tampere , Fi-33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad H.","family":"Story","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech Acoustics Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023080222373978700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2211589","article-title":"An amplitude quotient based method to analyze changes in the shape of the glottal pulse in the regulation of vocal intensity","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. 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