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In this work, a four step methodology is proposed to match the behavior of 2D simulations with that of 3D vocal tracts with circular cross-sections. First, the 2D vocal tract profile becomes modified to tune the formant locations. Second, the 2D wall impedance is adjusted to fit the formant bandwidths. Third, the 2D glottal flow gets scaled to recover 3D pressure levels. Fourth and last, the 2D radiation model is tuned to match the 3D model following an optimization process. The procedure is tested for vowels \/a\/, \/i\/, and \/u\/ and the obtained results are compared with those of a full 3D simulation, a conventional 2D approach, and a 1D chain matrix model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4837221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,14]],"date-time":"2014-01-14T23:22:44Z","timestamp":1389741764000},"page":"369-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Two-dimensional vocal tracts with three-dimensional behavior in the numerical generation of vowels"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Arnela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull , C\/Quatre Camins 2, Barcelona 08022, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Guasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull , C\/Quatre Camins 2, Barcelona 08022, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071501144415600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4803889","article-title":"Finite element computation of elliptical vocal tract impedances using the two-microphone transfer function method","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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