{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:47:28Z","timestamp":1790074048297,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sound energy is conveyed to the inner ear by the diaphanous, cone-shaped tympanic membrane (TM). The TM moves in a complex manner and transmits sound signals to the inner ear with high fidelity, pressure gain, and a short delay. Miniaturized sensors allowing high spatial resolution in small spaces and sensitivity to high frequencies were used to explore how pressure drives the TM. Salient findings are: (1) A substantial pressure drop exists across the TM, and varies in frequency from \u223c10 to 30 dB. It thus appears reasonable to approximate the drive to the TM as being defined solely by the pressure in the ear canal (EC) close to the TM. (2) Within the middle ear cavity (MEC), spatial variations in sound pressure could vary by more than 20\u2009dB, and the MEC pressure at certain locations\/frequencies was as large as in the EC. (3) Spatial variations in pressure along the TM surface on the EC-side were typically less than 5\u2009dB up to 50\u2009kHz. Larger surface variations were observed on the MEC-side.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4864475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T01:32:25Z","timestamp":1394155945000},"page":"1294-1312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["External and middle ear sound pressure distribution and acoustic coupling to the tympanic membrane"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Bergevin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , 630 West 168th Street, P&S 11-452 New York, New York 10032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023072101055848200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.06.006","article-title":"Simultaneous 3D imaging of sound-induced motions of the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles","volume":"304","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4773263","article-title":"Wave motion on the surface of the human tympanic membrane: Holographic measurement and modeling analysis","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.04.015","article-title":"Forward and reverse transfer functions of the middle ear based on pressure and velocity DPOAEs with implications for differential hearing diagnosis","volume":"280","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(89)90123-8","article-title":"Interferometric measurement of the amplitude and phase of tympanic membrane vibrations in cat","volume":"38","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-008-0115-1","article-title":"Simultaneous measurements of ossicular velocity and intracochlear pressure leading to the cochlear input impedance in gerbil","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.07.010","article-title":"Ossicular motion related to middle ear transmission delay in gerbil","volume":"270","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.10.014","article-title":"A sum of simple and complex motions on the eardrum and manubrium in gerbil","volume":"263","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0320-9","article-title":"Reverse Transmission along the Ossicular Chain in Gerbil","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01214.2005","article-title":"Middle ear forward and reverse transmission in gerbil","volume":"95","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19743","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603898104","article-title":"The discordant eardrum","volume":"103","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4205.1029","article-title":"Acoustic reflex detection using wide-band acoustic reflectance, admittance, and power measurements","volume":"42","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1121\/1.394749","article-title":"On the damped frequency response of a finite-element model of the cat eardrum","volume":"81","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1305.2008.00490.x","article-title":"Preliminary analyses of tympanic membrane motion from holographic measurements","volume":"45","year":"2009","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000030260.22737.53","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element modeling of human ear for sound transmission\u2013springer","volume":"32","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.07.018","article-title":"Acoustic-structural coupled finite element analysis for sound transmission in human ear-pressure distributions","volume":"28","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3613934","article-title":"Modeling the eardrum as a string with distributed force","volume":"130","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c17","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Basic Acoustics","year":"1993"},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.09.008","article-title":"Wideband acoustic-reflex test in a test battery to predict middle-ear dysfunction","volume":"263","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402733","article-title":"Method to measure acoustic impedance and reflection coefficient","volume":"91","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913050","article-title":"Tympanic membrane vibrations in cats studied by time-averaged holography","volume":"51","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1919284","article-title":"Probe-Tube Microphones","volume":"36","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c22","unstructured":"Lynch, T. J. (1981). \u201cSignal processing by the cat middle ear: Admittance and transmission, measurements and models,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1121\/1.410160","article-title":"Measurements of the acoustic input impedance of cat ears: 10 Hz to 20\u2009kHz","volume":"96","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0389-9","article-title":"Experimental study of vibrations of gerbil tympanic membrane with closed middle ear cavity","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00693629","article-title":"The middle ear of the Tokay Gecko","volume":"81","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.01.002","article-title":"Experimental ossicular fixations and the middle ear's response to sound: Evidence for a flexible ossicular chain","volume":"204","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423083","article-title":"Observing middle and inner ear mechanics with novel intracochlear pressure sensors","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2747156","article-title":"Wave model of the cat tympanic membrane","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1983.0079","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the frog ear: vibration measurements under free- and closed-field acoustic conditions","volume":"219","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Sec. B"},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1564018","article-title":"Measurements of human middle ear forward and reverse acoustics: Implications for otoacoustic emissions","volume":"113","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423930","article-title":"Measurements and model of the cat middle ear: evidence of tympanic membrane acoustic delay","volume":"104","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399050","article-title":"A hierarchy of examples illustrating the acoustic coupling of the eardrum","volume":"87","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2769625","article-title":"Sound pressure distribution and power flow within the gerbil ear canal from 100 Hz to 80\u2009kHz","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1121\/1.404280","article-title":"Sound-power collection by the auditory periphery of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. I: Middle ear input impedance","volume":"92","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414793","article-title":"Sound-power collection by the auditory periphery of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. II. External-ear radiation impedance and power collection","volume":"99","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.11.022","article-title":"Measurements of three-dimensional shape and sound-induced motion of the chinchilla tympanic membrane","volume":"301","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000013831","article-title":"Measurements of middle-ear function in the Mongolian gerbil, a specialized mammalian ear","volume":"4","year":"1999","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00657532","article-title":"Sound transmission through the avian interaural pathways","volume":"136","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1119\/1.3290176","article-title":"Basketballs as spherical acoustic cavities","volume":"78","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381283","article-title":"Comparison of sound transmission and cochlear microphonic characteristics in Mongolian gerbil and guinea pig","volume":"61","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403929","article-title":"Middle-ear phenomenology: the view from the three windows","volume":"92","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2016024","article-title":"Improved acoustic system for auditory research","volume":"62","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392379","article-title":"Spatial variation of phase in ducts and the measurement of acoustic energy reflection coefficients","volume":"77","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397743","article-title":"Sound propagation in the ear canal and coupling to the eardrum, with measurements on model systems","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1121\/1.388257","article-title":"Estimation of acoustical energy reflectance at the eardrum from measurements of pressure distribution in the human ear canal","volume":"72","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(97)00002-6","article-title":"Effects of pars flaccida on sound conduction in ears of Mongolian gerbil: acoustic and anatomical measurements","volume":"106","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.02.004","article-title":"Mechanics of the frog ear","volume":"273","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1785832","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of middle-ear input impedance and forward\/reverse transmission in cat","volume":"116","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1394195","article-title":"Middle-ear function with tympanic-membrane perforations. I. Measurements and mechanisms","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023072101055848200_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918382","article-title":"Analysis of the middle ear function. Part I: Input impedance","volume":"34","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/135\/3\/1294\/15309613\/1294_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/135\/3\/1294\/15309613\/1294_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:06:08Z","timestamp":1689901568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/135\/3\/1294\/693937\/External-and-middle-ear-sound-pressure"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4864475","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}}}