{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:57:58Z","timestamp":1785945478822,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Limited previous evidence suggests that killer whales (Orcinus orca) are capable of vocal production learning. However, vocal contextual learning has not been studied, nor the factors promoting learning. Vocalizations were collected from three killer whales with a history of exposure to bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and compared with data from seven killer whales held with conspecifics and nine bottlenose dolphins. The three whales' repertoires were distinguishable by a higher proportion of click trains and whistles. Time-domain features of click trains were intermediate between those of whales held with conspecifics and dolphins. These differences provided evidence for contextual learning. One killer whale spontaneously learned to produce artificial chirps taught to dolphins; acoustic features fell within the range of inter-individual differences among the dolphins. This whale also produced whistles similar to a stereotyped whistle produced by one dolphin. Thus, results provide further support for vocal production learning and show that killer whales are capable of contextual learning. That killer whales produce similar repertoires when associated with another species suggests substantial vocal plasticity and motivation for vocal conformity with social associates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4893906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]],"date-time":"2014-10-08T00:31:21Z","timestamp":1412728281000},"page":"1990-2002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Differences in acoustic features of vocalizations produced by killer whales cross-socialized with bottlenose dolphins"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Whitney B.","family":"Musser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of San Diego Department of Environmental and Ocean Sciences, , 5998 Alcal\u00e1 Park, San Diego, California 92110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann E.","family":"Bowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute , 2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego, California 92109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Grebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioacoustician , 5029 Onstad Street, San Diego, California 92110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Crance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Mammal Laboratory , 7800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, Washington 98115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2024031517283011800_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.10.002","article-title":"Mouse vocal communication systems: Are ultrasounds learned or innate?","volume":"124","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Characteristics of the receiving system for simple signals","volume-title":"Sonar of Dolphins","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1642628","article-title":"Echolocation signals of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) and modeling of foraging for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520321373","article-title":"Physeter clicks","volume-title":"Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises","author":"Norris","year":"1966"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c5","first-page":"335","article-title":"Acoustic behavior of Orcinus orca: sequences, periodicity, behavioral correlates and an automated technique for call classification","volume-title":"Behavioral Biology of Killer Whales","author":"Kirkevold","year":"1986"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0059","article-title":"The mixed blessing of echolocation: Differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales","volume":"51","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.04.002","article-title":"Social context evokes rapid changes in bat song syntax","volume":"85","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0286","article-title":"Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats","volume":"265","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London B"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c9","first-page":"251","article-title":"Ontogeny of stereotyped calling of a killer whale calf, Orcinus orca, during her first year","volume":"11","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rit Fiskideildar"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c10","first-page":"199","article-title":"Review of the signature-whistle hypothesis of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin","volume-title":"The Bottlenose Dolphin","author":"Leatherwood","year":"1990"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.094300","article-title":"Evidence for vocal learning in juvenile male killer whales, Orcinus orca, from an adventitious cross-socializing experiment","volume":"217","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2004.00968.x","article-title":"Wild chimpanzees produce group-specific calls: A case for vocal learning?","volume":"110","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-010-0657-z","article-title":"The structure of stereotyped calls reflects kinship and social affiliation in resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)","volume":"97","year":"2010","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1454","article-title":"Dialect change in resident killer whales: Implications for vocal learning and cultural transmission","volume":"60","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2012.00587.x","article-title":"Delphinid whistle production and call matching during playback of simulated military sonar","volume":"29","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359010090104","article-title":"Horizontal transmission of vocal traditions in killer whale (Orcinus orca) dialects","volume":"37","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2013.06.008","article-title":"Is killer whale dialect evolution random?","volume":"99","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2010.00433.x","article-title":"Responses of Kamchatkan fish-eating killer whales to playbacks of conspecific calls","volume":"27","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.567","article-title":"Killer whales are capable of vocal learning","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1139\/z89-105","article-title":"Acoustic behaviour of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia","volume":"67","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1139\/z91-206","article-title":"Vocal traditions among resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal waters of British Columbia","volume":"69","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01206.x","article-title":"Bubblestream whistles are not representative of a bottlenose dolphin's vocal repertoire","volume":"21","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-004-0225-z","article-title":"Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) calves appear to model their signature whistles on the signature whistles of community members","volume":"8","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Cognit."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3531842","article-title":"Divergence of a stereotyped call in northern resident killer whales","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2007.11.002","article-title":"Whistle discrimination and categorization by the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): A review of the signature whistle framework and a perceptual test","volume":"77","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c26","first-page":"116","article-title":"Importance of contextual saliency on vocal imitation by bottlenose dolphins","volume":"19","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-013-0817-7","article-title":"Communication in bottlenose dolphins: 50 years of signature whistle research","volume":"199","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60377-0","article-title":"Vocal learning in mammals","volume":"26","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Study Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0881","article-title":"Context-specific use suggests that bottlenose dolphin signature whistles are cohesion calls","volume":"56","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511584022","article-title":"Traditions in mammalian and avian vocal communication","volume-title":"The Biology of Traditions","author":"Fragaszy","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0053","article-title":"Vocal copying of individually distinctive signature whistles in bottlenose dolphins","volume":"280","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00325.x","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of whistle repertoires from captive adult bottlenose dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops truncatus): A re-evaluation of the signature whistle hypothesis","volume":"100","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.109.3.242","article-title":"Whistle contour development in captive-born infant bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Role of learning","volume":"109","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c34","first-page":"27","article-title":"Social familiarity influences whistle acoustic structure in adult female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"24.1","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aquat. Mamm."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1496079","article-title":"Captive dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, develop signature whistles that match acoustic features of human-made model sounds","volume":"112","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.06.017","article-title":"Call-type matching in vocal exchanges of free-ranging resident killer whales, Orcinus orca","volume":"67","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1163\/156853992X00615","article-title":"\u2018Food\u2019 calls produced by adult female rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques, their normally raised offspring, and offspring cross-fostered between species","volume":"120","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c37a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2537","article-title":"Bottlenose dolphins exchange signature whistles when meeting at sea","volume":"279","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c38","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1163\/156853907780425703","article-title":"Structural and temporal emission patterns of variable pulsed calls in free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca)","volume":"144","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.107.3.301","article-title":"Spontaneous vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for vocal learning","volume":"107","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.98.1.10","article-title":"Vocal mimicry of computer-generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus","volume":"98","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.08.044","article-title":"Spontaneous human speech mimicry by a cetacean","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2956467","article-title":"Whistle sequences in wild killer whales (Orcinus orca)","volume":"124","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048667","article-title":"Evidence of vocal learning and limited dispersal as dual mechanisms for dialect maintenance in a parrot","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.02.018","article-title":"Facts about signature whistles of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus","volume":"74","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178318","article-title":"Signature whistles of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus: stability and mother-offspring comparisons","volume":"26","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1997.0602","article-title":"Matching of acoustic features during the vocal exchange of coo calls by Japanese macaques","volume":"55","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl117","article-title":"Pvclust: An R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering","volume":"22","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013087","article-title":"Convergence of calls as animals form social bonds, active compensation for noisy communication channels and the evolution of vocal learning in mammals","volume":"122","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c50","first-page":"498","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics With S: Random and Mixed Effects","year":"2002","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c51","first-page":"15","article-title":"The harmonic interval: fact of artifact in spectral analysis of pulse trains","volume-title":"Marine Bio-Acoustics","author":"Tavolga","year":"1967"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2010.00397.x","article-title":"Call sharing across vocal clans of killer whales: Evidence of vocal imitation?","volume":"27","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050343","article-title":"Group-specific dialects and geographical variation in coda repertoire in South Pacific sperm whales","volume":"40","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674419131","article-title":"Dolphin social complexity: Lessons from long-term study and life history","volume-title":"Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture and Individualized Societies","author":"Waal","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024031517283011800_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2002.3012","article-title":"Cultural transmission within maternal lineages: Vocal clans in resident killer whales in southern Alaska","volume":"63","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/136\/4\/1990\/19746290\/1990_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/136\/4\/1990\/19746290\/1990_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T17:50:46Z","timestamp":1710525046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/136\/4\/1990\/906292\/Differences-in-acoustic-features-of-vocalizations"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4893906","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]}}}