{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T04:58:22Z","timestamp":1770440302798,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Otoacoustic emission (OAE) tests of the medial-olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) in humans were assessed for viability as clinical assays. Two reflection-source OAEs [TEOAEs: transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions evoked by a 47\u2009dB sound pressure level (SPL) chirp; and discrete-tone SFOAEs: stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions evoked by 40 dB SPL tones, and assessed with a 60\u2009dB SPL suppressor] were compared in 27 normal-hearing adults. The MOCR elicitor was a 60\u2009dB SPL contralateral broadband noise. An estimate of MOCR strength, MOCR%, was defined as the vector difference between OAEs measured with and without the elicitor, normalized by OAE magnitude (without elicitor). An MOCR was reliably detected in most ears. Within subjects, MOCR strength was correlated across frequency bands and across OAE type. The ratio of across-subject variability to within-subject variability ranged from 2 to 15, with wideband TEOAEs and averaged SFOAEs giving the highest ratios. MOCR strength in individual ears was reliably classified into low, normal, and high groups. SFOAEs using 1.5 to 2\u2009kHz tones and TEOAEs in the 0.5 to 2.5\u2009kHz band gave the best statistical results. TEOAEs had more clinical advantages. Both assays could be made faster for clinical applications, such as screening for individual susceptibility to acoustic trauma in a hearing-conservation program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4896745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T01:32:00Z","timestamp":1415151120000},"page":"2697-2713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Otoacoustic-emission-based medial-olivocochlear reflex assays for humans"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Lynne","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory , Box 900, Subase NLON, Box 900, Groton, Connecticut 06349-5900"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judi A.","family":"Lapsley Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory , Box 900, Subase NLON, Box 900, Groton, Connecticut 06349-5900"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Guinan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Shera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte M.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Laboratory of Electronics, , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary D.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Laboratory of Electronics, , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorraine A.","family":"Delhorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Laboratory of Electronics, , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Boege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant , Hirschanger 17, D-82319, Starnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023080402552455400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4773265","article-title":"Maturation of the human medial efferent reflex revisited","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3068442","article-title":"Considering distortion product otoacoustic emission fine structure in measurements of the medial olivocochlear reflex","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6759","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0248-11.2011","article-title":"Auditory efferents facilitate sound localization in noise in humans","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c4","volume-title":"Methods for Manual Pure-Tone Threshold Audiometry","author":"ANSI","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-007-0100-0","article-title":"Measurement of the distribution of medial olivocochlear acoustic reflex strengths across normal-hearing individuals via otoacoustic emissions","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(75)90001-2","article-title":"The area above the ordinal dominance graph and the area below the receiver operating characteristic graph","volume":"12","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c7","unstructured":"Bray, P. J. (1989). \u201cClick evoked otoacoustic emissions and the development of a clinical otoacoustic hearing test instrument,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Laryngology and Otology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(93)90254-X","article-title":"Sleep and active cochlear micromechanical properties in human subjects","volume":"66","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c9","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Theory of Psychological Measurement","year":"1964"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0409-9","article-title":"Medial olivocochlear-induced transient-evoked otoacoustic emission amplitude shifts in individual subjects","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0757-3","article-title":"Physiology of olivocochlear efferents","volume-title":"The Cochlea","author":"Dallos","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240507.83072.e7","article-title":"Olivocochlear efferents: Anatomy, physiology, function, and the measurement of efferent effects in humans","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7070-1","article-title":"Physiology of the medial and lateral olivocochlear systems","volume-title":"Auditory and Vestibular Efferents","author":"Ryugo","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c14","first-page":"283","article-title":"Efferent System","volume-title":"Translational Perspectives in Auditory Neuroscience: Normal Aspects of Hearing","author":"Tremblay","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-002-3037-3","article-title":"Medial olivocochlear efferent reflex in humans: Otoacoustic emission (OAE) measurement issues and the advantages of stimulus frequency OAEs","volume":"4","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4883361","article-title":"Wideband detection of middle ear muscle activation using swept-tone distortion product otoacoustic emissions","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3543945","article-title":"Changes in amplitude and phase of distortion-product otoacoustic emission fine-structure and separated components during efferent activation","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.02.008","article-title":"Otoacoustic detection of risk of early hearing loss in ears with normal audiograms: A 3-year follow-up study","volume":"251","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1334597","article-title":"Distortion-product source unmixing: a test of the two-mechanism model for DPOAE generation","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2435981","article-title":"Near equivalence of human click-evoked and stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions","volume":"121","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4807505","article-title":"Measuring stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions using swept tones","volume":"134","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23623","article-title":"Test\/retest repeatability of effect contralateral acoustic stimulation on the magnitudes of distortion product ototacoustic emissions","volume":"123","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c23","article-title":"Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions: Preliminary results for validity of TEOAEs implemented on Mimosa Acoustics' T2K measurement system v3.1.3","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c24","article-title":"Stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions: Validity and reliability of SFOAEs implemented on Mimosa Acoustics' SFOAE measurement system v2.1.18","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapsley Miller, J. A., and Marshall, L. (2014). \u201cThree methods for estimating the middle-ear muscle reflex (MEMR) using otoacoustic emission (OAE) measurement systems,\u201d NSMRL Technical Report No. 1310 (Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, CT).","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA612067"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2204437","article-title":"Low-level otoacoustic emissions may predict susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4599","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4923-13.2014","article-title":"Efferent feedback slows cochlear aging","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-009-0163-1","article-title":"Human medial olivocochlear reflex: Effects as functions of contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral elicitor bandwidths","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90925.2008","article-title":"Reflex control of the human inner ear: A half-octave offset in medial efferent feedback that is consistent with an efferent role in the control of masking","volume":"101","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2949505","article-title":"Measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions using continuously sweeping primaries","volume":"124","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-10-04241.2002","article-title":"Variation in inter-animal susceptibility to noise damage is associated with alpha 9 acetylcholine receptor subunit expression level","volume":"22","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4868389","article-title":"Adaptation of distortion product otoacoustic emissions predicts susceptibility to acoustic over-exposure in alert rabbits)","volume":"135","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04701.2000","article-title":"Predicting vulnerability to acoustic injury with a noninvasive assay of olivocochlear reflex strength","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10838","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10838.2002","article-title":"Efferent protection from acoustic injury is mediated via alpha9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on outer hair cells","volume":"22","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5027-12.2013","article-title":"Efferent feedback minimizes cochlear neuropathy from moderate noise exposure","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199606000-00007","article-title":"Reliability of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions","volume":"17","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c37","article-title":"How can the auditory efferent system protect our ears from noise-induced hearing loss? Let us count the ways","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3050304","article-title":"Detecting incipient inner-ear damage from impulse noise with otoacoustic emissions","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c39","first-page":"421","article-title":"The equal energy concept applied to impulse noise","volume-title":"Effects of Noise on Hearing","author":"Henderson","year":"1976"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.05.004","article-title":"Human efferent adaptation of DPOAEs in the L(1),L(2) space","volume":"208","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c41","article-title":"TE Manual: Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions measurement module manual for HearID R3.3","author":"Mimosa Acoustics","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182944c04","article-title":"Repeatability of click-evoked otoacoustic emission-based medial olivocochlear efferent assay","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3479535","article-title":"Impact of three hours of discotheque music on pure-tone thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions","volume":"128","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2008.09.005","article-title":"Impact of occupational noise on pure-tone threshold and distortion product otoacoustic emissions after one workday","volume":"246","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(99)00163-X","article-title":"Histopathological differences between temporary and permanent threshold shift","volume":"139","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1575750","article-title":"Mammalian spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are amplitude-stabilized cochlear standing waves","volume":"114","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426948","article-title":"Evoked otoacoustic emissions arise by two fundamentally different mechanisms: Taxonomy for mammalian OAEs","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3180a726c9","article-title":"Otoacoustic emissions in early noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1121\/1.424584","article-title":"Experimental confirmation of the two-source interference model for the fine structure of distortion product otoacoustic emissions","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.65.3.724","article-title":"Effect of contralateral acoustic stimulation on active cochlear micromechanical properties in human subjects: Dependence on stimulus variables","volume":"65","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.10.001","article-title":"Olivocochlear reflex effect on human distortion product otoacoustic emissions is largest at frequencies with distinct fine structure dips","volume":"223","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31822f1548","article-title":"Measurement of medial olivocochlear efferent activity in humans: comparison of different distortion product otoacoustic emission-based paradigms","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000354913","article-title":"Assessment of the noise-protective action of the olivocochlear efferents in humans","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro-Otol."},{"key":"2023080402552455400_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-009-0189-4","article-title":"The effect of contralateral acoustic stimulation on spontaneous otoacoustic emissions","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/136\/5\/2697\/13315578\/2697_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/136\/5\/2697\/13315578\/2697_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T02:55:52Z","timestamp":1691117752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/136\/5\/2697\/985563\/Otoacoustic-emission-based-medial-olivocochlear"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4896745","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]}}}