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A small glottal opening and a mean glottal flow rate typical of human phonation can be maintained against increasing subglottal pressure by proportionally increasing the degree of vocal fold approximation for low to medium subglottal pressures and vocal fold stiffening at high subglottal pressures. Although sound intensity was primarily determined by the subglottal pressure, the results suggest that, to maintain small glottal opening as the sound intensity increases, one has to simultaneously tighten vocal fold approximation and\/or stiffen the vocal folds, resulting in increased glottal resistance, vocal efficiency, and fundamental frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4906272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,18]],"date-time":"2015-02-18T18:00:37Z","timestamp":1424282437000},"page":"898-910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Regulation of glottal closure and airflow in a three-dimensional phonation model: Implications for vocal intensity control"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Zhaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA School of Medicine , 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023080209434778600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1324678","article-title":"A finite-element model of vocal-fold vibration","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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