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Under this view, the initial upward tongue tip motion, starting with the first vowel and moving to contact the hard palate on the way to a retroflex position, is under active muscular control, while the downward movement of the tongue tip, including the second contact with the hard palate, results from gravity and elasticity during tongue muscle relaxation. This sequence is reproduced using a three-dimensional computer simulation of human vocal tract biomechanics and differs greatly from other observed sequences for the same word, which employ multiple targeted speech motor actions. This outcome suggests that a goal of a speaker is to produce an entire sequence in a biomechanically efficient way at the expense of maintaining parity within the individual parts of the sequence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4906831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T18:27:11Z","timestamp":1426616831000},"page":"1493-1502","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Three speech sounds, one motor action: Evidence for speech-motor disparity from English flap production"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Donald","family":"Derrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury The New Zealand Institute for Language, Brain and Behavior, , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Stavness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan Department of Computer Science, , 176 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Gick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia Department of Linguistics, , Totem Field Studios, 2613 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023073107511480500_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.06.011","article-title":"Central pattern generation and the motor infrastructure for suck, respiration, and speech","volume":"39","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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