{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:43:03Z","timestamp":1782805383876,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Models of the voice source differ in their fits to natural voices, but it is unclear which differences in fit are perceptually salient. This study examined the relationship between the fit of five voice source models to 40 natural voices, and the degree of perceptual match among stimuli synthesized with each of the modeled sources. Listeners completed a visual sort-and-rate task to compare versions of each voice created with the different source models, and the results were analyzed using multidimensional scaling. Neither fits to pulse shapes nor fits to landmark points on the pulses predicted observed differences in quality. Further, the source models fit the opening phase of the glottal pulses better than they fit the closing phase, but at the same time similarity in quality was better predicted by the timing and amplitude of the negative peak of the flow derivative (part of the closing phase) than by the timing and\/or amplitude of peak glottal opening. Results indicate that simply knowing how (or how well) a particular source model fits or does not fit a target source pulse in the time domain provides little insight into what aspects of the voice source are important to listeners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4922174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T20:57:36Z","timestamp":1435784256000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Perceptual evaluation of voice source models"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Jody","family":"Kreiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Los Angeles School of Medicine 1 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, , 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Garellek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013San Diego 2 Department of Linguistics, , 9500 Gilman Drive #0108, La Jolla, California 92093-0108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Los Angeles 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, , 66-147 G Engineering IV, Los Angeles, California 90095-1594, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Alwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Los Angeles 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, , 66-147 G Engineering IV, Los Angeles, California 90095-1594, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce R.","family":"Gerratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Los Angeles School of Medicine 1 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, , 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023073122084964900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-011-0041-5","article-title":"Glottal inverse filtering analysis of human voice production\u2014A review of estimation and parameterization methods of the glottal excitation and their applications","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"S\u0101dhan\u0101"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acoustic analysis of voice source dynamics","volume":"2\u20133","year":"1984","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c3","first-page":"2001","article-title":"A perceptually and physiologically motivated voice source model","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c4","first-page":"2673","article-title":"Acoustic correlates of glottal gaps","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c5","first-page":"3216","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between glottal area waveform shape and harmonic magnitudes through computational modeling and laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c6","first-page":"1600","article-title":"Estimating the voice source in noise","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1006\/dspr.1995.1003","article-title":"Glottal models for digital speech processing: A historical survey and new results","volume":"5","year":"1995","journal-title":"Digital Sign. Process."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3602.254","article-title":"A cepstrum-based technique for determining a harmonics-to-noise ratio in speech signals","volume":"36","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c9","first-page":"446","article-title":"Spectral correlates of glottal waveform models: An analytic study","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c10","first-page":"533","article-title":"Spectral methods for voice source parameter estimation","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c11","first-page":"1026","article-title":"The spectrum of glottal flow models","volume":"92","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Acust. Acust."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2010.02.002","article-title":"The effects of linguistic experience on the perception of phonation","volume":"38","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(93)90055-P","article-title":"Some problems in voice source analysis","volume":"13","year":"1993","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c14","first-page":"119","article-title":"The LF model revisited. Transformations and frequency domain analysis","volume":"2\u20133\/95","year":"1995","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c15","first-page":"1","article-title":"A four-parameter model of glottal flow","volume":"4","year":"1985","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frequency domain interpretation and derivation of glottal flow parameters","volume":"88","year":"1988","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c17","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Proposal and evaluation of models for the glottal source waveform","year":"1986"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444317251","article-title":"Voice source variation and its communicative functions","volume-title":"The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Hardcastle","year":"2010","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2001.0147","article-title":"Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview","volume":"29","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430310015255","article-title":"The visual sort and rate method for perceptual evaluation in listening tests","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1121\/1.417991","article-title":"Glottal characteristics of female speakers: Acoustic correlates","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c22","first-page":"47","article-title":"Spectral correlates of voice open quotient and glottal flow asymmetry: Theory, limits and experimental data","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3001.122","article-title":"Digital inverse filtering for linguistic research","volume":"30","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c24","first-page":"2606","article-title":"A spectral LF model based approach to voice source parameterization","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398894","article-title":"Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers","volume":"87","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1030","article-title":"Integrated software for analysis and synthesis of voice quality","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Meth."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1858351","article-title":"Perception of aperiodicity in pathological voice","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2007\/042)","article-title":"Measures of the glottal source spectrum","volume":"50","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009","DOI":"10.3989\/loquens.2014.009","article-title":"Toward a unified theory of voice production and perception","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Loquens"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2770547","article-title":"When and why listeners disagree in voice quality assessment tasks","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1919256","article-title":"The ear as a frequency analyzer","volume":"36","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912389","article-title":"Effect of glottal pulse shape on quality of natural vowels","volume":"49","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c33","first-page":"5134","article-title":"A new voice source model based on high-speed imaging and its application to voice source estimation","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2003.07.002","article-title":"A method for analysing the perceptual relevance of glottal-pulse parameter variations","volume":"42","year":"2004","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2005.01.005","article-title":"Perceptual aspects of glottal-pulse parameter variations","volume":"46","year":"2005","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2029322","article-title":"On the analysis of speech movements","volume":"89","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073122084964900_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4770235","article-title":"Acoustic and perceptual effects of changes in body-layer stiffness in symmetric and asymmetric vocal fold models","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/138\/1\/1\/15314014\/1_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/138\/1\/1\/15314014\/1_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T22:08:57Z","timestamp":1690841337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/138\/1\/1\/915542\/Perceptual-evaluation-of-voice-source-modelsa"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4922174","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}}}