{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1780374032890,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports on an experiment investigating the expressive means with which performers of groove-based musics signal the intended timing of a rhythmic event. Ten expert drummers were instructed to perform a rock pattern in three different tempi and three different timing styles: \u201claid-back,\u201d \u201con-the-beat,\u201d and \u201cpushed.\u201d The results show that there were systematic differences in the intensity and timbre (i.e., sound-pressure level, temporal centroid, and spectral centroid) of series of snare strokes played with these different timing styles at the individual level. A common pattern was found across subjects concerning the effect of instructed timing on sound-pressure level: a majority of the drummers played laid-back strokes louder than on-the-beat strokes. Furthermore, when the tempo increased, there was a general increase in sound-pressure level and a decrease in spectral centroid across subjects. The results show that both temporal and sound-related features are important in order to indicate that a rhythmic event has been played intentionally early, late, or on-the-beat, and provide insight into the ways in which musicians communicate at the microrhythmic level in groove-based musics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4930950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]],"date-time":"2015-10-22T08:00:28Z","timestamp":1445500828000},"page":"2301-2316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of instructed timing and tempo on snare drum sound in drum kit performance"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Danielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo 1 Department of Musicology, , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Haakon","family":"Waadeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 2 Department of Music, , Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik G.","family":"Sundt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustics and Music (NOTAM) 3 Norwegian Network for Technology, , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A. G.","family":"Witek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University and Royal Academy of Music 4 Center for Music in the Brain, , Aarhus\/Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023073104135104400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/852200","article-title":"Rhythm as duration of sounds in Tumba Francesa","volume":"39","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ethnomusicology"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c2","first-page":"396","article-title":"Synthesis by spectral amplitude and \u2018brightness\u2019 matching of analyzed musical instrument tones","volume":"30","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Audio Eng. Soc."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c3","first-page":"27","article-title":"Analysis and synthesis of musical rhythm","volume-title":"Studies in Music Performance","author":"Sundberg","year":"1983"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c4","first-page":"85","article-title":"Timbral relationships and microrhythmic tension: Shaping the groove experience through sound","volume-title":"Musical Rhythm in the Age of Digital Reproduction","author":"Danielsen","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023073104135104400_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2010.27.3.157","article-title":"Participatory discrepancies and the perception of beats in jazz","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c6","first-page":"209","article-title":"Structure and expression in rhythmic performance","volume-title":"Musical Structure and Cognition","author":"Howell","year":"1985"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generative principles in music performance","volume-title":"Generative Processes in Music: The Psychology of Performance, Improvisation and Composition","author":"Sloboda","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c9","first-page":"477","article-title":"The swing rhythm in jazz","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition","author":"Pennycook","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1076\/jnmr.29.3.225.3090","article-title":"The playing of an accent\u2014preliminary observations from temporal and kinematic analysis of percussionists","volume":"29","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. New Music Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023073104135104400_c11","first-page":"762","article-title":"Playing the accent\u2014comparing striking velocity and timing in an ostinato rhythm performed by four drummers","volume":"90","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Acoust. Acoust."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023073104135104400_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.32.168","article-title":"Striking movements: A survey of motion analysis of percussionists","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acoust. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c13","article-title":"Motor control in drumming: Influence of movement pattern on contact force and sound characteristics","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c14","volume-title":"Presence and Pleasure: The Funk Grooves of James Brown and Parliament","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c15","first-page":"19","article-title":"Here, there and everywhere: Three accounts of pulse in D'Angelo's \u2018Left and Right,\u2019","volume-title":"Musical Rhythm in the Age of Digital Reproduction","author":"Danielsen","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023073104135104400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/03007766.2011.616298","article-title":"The sound of crossover: Microrhythm and sonic pleasure in Michael Jackson's \u2018Don't Stop'Til You Get Enough","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pop. Music Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023073104135104400_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2307\/3680012","article-title":"The quantization of musical time: A connectionist approach","volume":"13","year":"1989","journal-title":"Comput. Music J."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00419658","article-title":"Does expressive timing in music performance scale proportionally with tempo?","volume":"56","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c19","first-page":"272","article-title":"Mental representation of the timbre of complex sounds","volume-title":"Analysis, Synthesis, and Perception of Musical Sounds: The Sound of Music","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2307\/40285574","article-title":"Accent structures in music performance","volume":"10","year":"1993","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2478\/v10053-008-0052-x","article-title":"Overview of the KTH rule system for musical performance","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1162\/014892600559407","article-title":"Generating musical performances with Director Musices","volume":"24","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Music J."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2002.19.3.333","article-title":"Swing ratios and ensemble timing in jazz performance: Evidence for a common rhythmic pattern","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00557.x","article-title":"Performance of rhythm patterns","volume":"15","year":"1974","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c26","first-page":"501","article-title":"The performance of music","volume-title":"The Psychology of Music","author":"Deutsch","year":"1999","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023073104135104400_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1376133","article-title":"Melody lead in piano performance: Expressive device or artifact?","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c28","first-page":"613","article-title":"The influence of relative intensity on the perception of onset asynchronies","volume-title":"Proceedings from ICMPC7","author":"Stevens","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2006.24.2.177","article-title":"Acoustic cues to beat induction: A machine learning perspective","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381428","article-title":"Multidimensional perceptual scaling of musical timbres","volume":"61","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381843","article-title":"Perceptual effects of spectral modifications on musical timbres","volume":"63","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.32.3.780","article-title":"Evidence for tempo-specific timing in music using a web-based experimental setup","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2008.25.5.471","article-title":"Swing once more: Relating timing and tempo in expert jazz drumming","volume":"25","year":"2008","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023073104135104400_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193772","article-title":"Sensorimotor synchronization with chords containing tone-onset asynchronies","volume":"69","year":"2007","journal-title":"Attn. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c36","article-title":"Information technology\u2014Multimedia content description interface, Part 4: Audio","author":"ISO\/IEC 15938","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023073104135104400_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2002.19.3.387","article-title":"Embodied mind, situated cognition, and expressive microtiming in African-American music","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c38","first-page":"69","article-title":"The concept of rhythmic tolerance: Examining flexible grooves in Scandinavian folk fiddling","volume-title":"Musical Rhythm in the Age of Digital Reproduction","author":"Danielsen","year":"2010"},{"issue":"C5","key":"2023073104135104400_c39","first-page":"625","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation du timbre des sons complexes. II. Analyses acoustiques et quantification psychophysique","volume":"4","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. de Physique"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023073104135104400_c40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/20174502","article-title":"Categories and timing: On the perception of meter","volume":"51","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ethnomusicology"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212144","article-title":"A common perceptual space for harmonic and percussive timbres","volume":"62","year":"2000","journal-title":"Attn. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207084","article-title":"Interaction among auditory dimensions: Timbre, pitch, and loudness","volume":"48","year":"1990","journal-title":"Attn. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2011.28.5.449","article-title":"The performance of notes in\u00e9gales: The influence of tempo, musical structure, and individual performance style on expressive timing","volume":"28","year":"2011","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c44","volume-title":"Saying Something: Jazz Improvisation and Interaction","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023073104135104400_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2307\/40285708","article-title":"On the assignment of structure in music performance","volume":"14","year":"1996","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2007.910783","article-title":"Computational models of similarity for drum samples","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c47","article-title":"Instrument sound description in the context of MPEG-7","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202011","article-title":"Accents in equitone sequences","volume":"30","year":"1981","journal-title":"Attn. Percept. Psychophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023073104135104400_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2307\/852199","article-title":"Searching for swing: Participatory discrepancies in the jazz rhythm section","volume":"39","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ethnomusicology"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2002.19.4.565","article-title":"Effects of tempo on the timing of simple musical rhythms","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/40285684","article-title":"Quantitative effects of global tempo on expressive timing in music performance: Some perceptual evidence","volume":"13","year":"1995","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023073104135104400_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3917","DOI":"10.1121\/1.417245","article-title":"Patterns of note onset asynchronies in expressive piano performance","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c54","first-page":"99","volume-title":"The Science of Sound","year":"2002","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c55","first-page":"820","article-title":"Does timbral brightness scale with frequency and spectral centroid?","volume":"92","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Acust. Acust."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1121\/1.419119","article-title":"The role of timbre, pitch, and loudness changes in determining perceived metrical structure","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748308402140","article-title":"The communication of musical metre in piano performance","volume":"35","year":"1983","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol-A"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/40285683","article-title":"Cue trading in the perception of rhythmic structure","volume":"13","year":"1995","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2307\/40285722","article-title":"Interactions of perceived intensity, duration, and pitch in pure tone sequences","volume":"14","year":"1997","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2307\/40300864","article-title":"Effects of melodic accents on perception of intensity","volume":"15","year":"1998","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194417","article-title":"Accenting and detection of timing variations in tone sequences: Different kinds of accents have different effects","volume":"63","year":"2001","journal-title":"Attn. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00221300209603137","article-title":"Perceptual integration of timing and intensity variations in the perception of musical accents","volume":"129","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/00221300309601157","article-title":"Effects of accenting and regularity on the detection of temporal deviations: Does regularity facilitate performance?","volume":"130","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1076\/jnmr.30.1.23.7123","article-title":"\u2018It don't mean a thing if it ain't got that swing\u2019\u2014simulating expressive timing by modulated movements","volume":"30","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. New Music Res."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c65","first-page":"573","article-title":"Analysis of jazz drummers' movements in performance of swing grooves\u2014a preliminary report","volume-title":"Proceedings of SMAC03, Stockholm Music Acoustic Conference 2003","author":"Bresin","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.18261\/ISSN1504-2960-2006-01-11","article-title":"Strategies in empirical studies of swing groove","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"Studio Musicologica Norvegica"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c67","first-page":"248","article-title":"Rhythm performance from a spectral point of view","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression","author":"Jensenius","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c68","first-page":"37","article-title":"Perception of acoustic sequences: Global integration versus temporal resolution","volume-title":"Thinking in Sound","author":"McAdams","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023073104135104400_c69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/030573569302100203","article-title":"Dynamic accents and the categorical perception of metre","volume":"21","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Music."},{"key":"2023073104135104400_c70","first-page":"1","article-title":"A quantitative study of rhythm","volume":"14","year":"1909","journal-title":"Arch. Psychol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/138\/4\/2301\/13447050\/2301_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/138\/4\/2301\/13447050\/2301_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T04:14:16Z","timestamp":1690776856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/138\/4\/2301\/899084\/Effects-of-instructed-timing-and-tempo-on-snare"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4930950","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]}}}