{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T18:37:29Z","timestamp":1788115049921,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A finite element (FE) model was developed based on histological sections of a temporal bone of a 4-year-old child to simulate middle-ear and cochlear function in ears with normal hearing and otitis media. This pediatric model of the normal ear, consisting of an ear canal, middle ear, and spiral cochlea, was first validated with published energy absorbance (EA) measurements in young children with normal ears. The model was used to simulate EA in an ear with middle-ear effusion, whose results were compared to clinical EA measurements. The spiral cochlea component of the model was constructed under the assumption that the mechanics were passive. The FE model predicted middle-ear transfer functions between the ear canal and cochlea. Effects of ear structure and mechanical properties of soft tissues were compared in model predictions for the pediatric and adult ears. EA responses are predicted to differ between adult and pediatric ears due to differences in the stiffness and damping of soft tissues within the ear, and any residual geometrical differences between the adult ear and pediatric ear at age 4 years. The results have significance for predicting effects of otitis media in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4944949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]],"date-time":"2016-04-11T17:01:21Z","timestamp":1460394081000},"page":"1735-1746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Predictions of middle-ear and passive cochlear mechanics using a finite element model of the pediatric ear"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Xuelin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma 1 School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Center, , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas H.","family":"Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boys Town National Research Hospital 2 , Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong Z.","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma 1 School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Center, , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071900534672800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1421-6","article-title":"Morphological and functional ear development","volume-title":"Human Auditory Development","author":"Werner","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00240-9","article-title":"Human middle-ear sound transfer function and cochlear input impedance","volume":"152","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.04.0064","article-title":"Evaluation of human middle ear function via an acoustic power assessment","volume":"42","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181c00eae","article-title":"Wideband reflectance in normal Caucasian and Chinese school-aged children and in children with otitis media with effusion","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489209137432","article-title":"Otitis-media with effusion: Components which contribute to the viscous properties","volume":"112","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1421-6","article-title":"Morphological and functional development of the auditory nervous system","volume-title":"Human Auditory Development","author":"Werner","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4790350","article-title":"A wave finite element analysis of the passive cochlea","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23182","article-title":"Wideband acoustic transfer functions predict middle-ear effusion","volume":"122","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/070)","article-title":"Wideband energy reflectance measurements in adults with middle-ear disorders","volume":"46","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3129129","article-title":"Finite element modeling of sound transmission with perforations of tympanic membrane","volume":"126","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c12a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2372454","article-title":"Laser interferometry measurements of middle ear fluid and pressure effects on sound transmission","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000030260.22737.53","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element modeling of human ear for sound transmission","volume":"32","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-007-9366-y","article-title":"Modeling of sound transmission from ear canal to cochlea","volume":"35","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2793699","article-title":"Multifield coupled finite element analysis for sound transmission in otitis media with effusion","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c15a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399052","article-title":"A cochlear frequency-position function for several species\u201329 years later","volume":"87","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000620204","article-title":"The length of the organ of corti in man","volume":"62","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00206099109072866","article-title":"Developmental changes in multifrequency tympanograms","volume":"30","year":"1991","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940311200409","article-title":"Fixation of the anterior mallear ligament: Diagnosis and consequences for hearing results in stapes surgery","volume":"112","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31829d5158","article-title":"Pediatric applications of wideband acoustic immittance measures","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488609132823","article-title":"Morphomertic comparison of endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces in human temporal bones","volume":"101","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1121\/1.407347","article-title":"Ear-canal impedance and reflection coefficient in human infants and adults","volume":"94","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c23","first-page":"125","article-title":"Principles of acoustic immittance and acoustic transfer functions","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Audiology","author":"Katz","year":"2009","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.721936","article-title":"Wideband aural acoustic absorbance predicts conductive hearing loss in children","volume":"51","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Audio."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/203037","article-title":"Computer aided modeling of human mastoid cavity biomechanics using finite element analysis","volume":"2010","year":"2010","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Sign. Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071900534672800_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.112","article-title":"Current management of pediatric acute otitis media","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2006.05.004","article-title":"Viscoelastic studies of human subscapularis tendon: Relaxation test and a weichert model","volume":"83","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071900534672800_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948209100512","article-title":"Effect of mastoid cavity modification on middle ear sound transmission","volume":"91","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-008-0150-y","article-title":"Differential intracochlear sound pressure measurements in normal human temporal bones","volume":"10","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488809107371","article-title":"Anatomy of the round window. A histopathological study with a graphic reconstruction method","volume":"106","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta. Otolaryngol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023071900534672800_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1955.149","article-title":"The histology of the human ear canal with special reference to the ceruminous gland","volume":"25","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2920956","article-title":"A nonlinear finite-element model of the newborn middle ear","volume":"124","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c38a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2004.05.010","article-title":"Mechanisms of hearing loss resulting from middle-ear fluid","volume":"195","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822ccb76","article-title":"Ear-canal reflectance, umbo velocity, and tympanometry in normal-hearing adults","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c39a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15495-0","article-title":"Otitis media","volume":"363","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870180063013","article-title":"Age related morphologic changes in the human tympanic membrane","volume":"117","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c41","first-page":"3","article-title":"The structural and functional development of the outer and middle ear","volume-title":"Development of Auditory and Vestibular Systems","author":"Romand","year":"1983"},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240568.00816.4a","article-title":"Wideband reflectance norms for Caucasian and Chinese young adults","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00183-7","article-title":"Basilar membrane and osseous spiral lamina motion in human cadavers with air and bone conduction stimuli","volume":"181","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1121\/1.388257","article-title":"Estimation of acoustical energy reflectance at the eardrum from measurements of pressure distribution in the human ear canal","volume":"72","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-002-0014-z","article-title":"Computer-integrated finite element modeling of human middle ear","volume":"1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199910000-00021","article-title":"Cochlear fluid space dimensions for six species derived from reconstructions of three-dimensional magnetic resonance images","volume":"109","year":"1999","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2749417","article-title":"Finite-element analysis of middle-ear pressure effects on static and dynamic behavior of human ear","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.737458","article-title":"Finite element modelling of human auditory periphery including a feed-forward amplification of the cochlea","volume":"17","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Method. Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2159714","article-title":"A comprehensive model of human ear for analysis of implantable hearing devices","volume":"58","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.12.005","article-title":"Finite element modeling of energy absorbance in normal and disordered human ears","volume":"301","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023071900534672800_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.06.009","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the middle ear transfer functions and related pathologies","volume":"31","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/139\/4\/1735\/15316738\/1735_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/139\/4\/1735\/15316738\/1735_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T03:47:10Z","timestamp":1689738430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/139\/4\/1735\/662596\/Predictions-of-middle-ear-and-passive-cochlear"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4944949","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]}}}