{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:48:13Z","timestamp":1790844493867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The frequencies, magnitudes, and bandwidths of vocal tract resonances are all important in understanding and synthesizing speech. High precision acoustic impedance spectra of the vocal tracts of 10 subjects were measured from 10\u2009Hz to 4.2\u2009kHz by injecting a broadband acoustic signal through the lips. Between 300\u2009Hz and 4\u2009kHz the acoustic resonances R (impedance minima measured through the lips) and anti-resonances R\u00af (impedance maxima) associated with the first three voice formants, have bandwidths of \u223c50 to 90\u2009Hz for men and \u223c70 to 90\u2009Hz for women. These acoustic resonances approximate those of a smooth, dry, rigid cylinder of similar dimensions, except that their bandwidths indicate higher losses in the vocal tract. The lossy, inertive load and airflow caused by opening the glottis further increase the bandwidths observed during phonation. The vocal tract walls are not rigid and measurements show an acousto-mechanical resonance R0 \u223c 20\u2009Hz and anti-resonance R\u00af0\u223c200\u2009Hz. These give an estimate of wall inertance consistent with an effective thickness of 1\u20132\u2009cm and a wall stiffness of 2\u20134\u2009kN m\u22121. The non-rigidity of the tract imposes a lower limit of the frequency of the first acoustic resonance fR1 and the first formant F1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4948754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]],"date-time":"2016-05-23T01:10:40Z","timestamp":1463965840000},"page":"2924-2936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Noel","family":"Hanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales School of Physics, , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales School of Physics, , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales School of Physics, , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072805133751200_c1","volume-title":"American National Standard Acoustical Terminology","author":"ANSI","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023072805133751200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4818756","article-title":"Effects of head geometry simplifications on acoustic radiation of vowel sounds based on time-domain finite-element simulations","volume":"134","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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