{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:29Z","timestamp":1760132429544},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an approach to determine the open phase region of a glottal cycle based on changes in the characteristics of the vocal tract system. The glottal closing phase contributes to major excitation of the vocal tract system. The opening phase affects the vocal tract system characteristics by effectively increasing the length of the tract, due to coupling of the subglottal region. To determine the glottal open region, it is necessary to estimate the vocal tract characteristics from the segment with subglottal coupling. The proposed method derives the dominant resonance frequency (DRF) of the vocal tract system at every sampling instant, using a heavily decaying window (HDW) for analysis. The DRF contour transits to lower frequencies during glottal open region, when compared to the glottal closed region. The open region, within the glottal cycles from voiced speech segment, is extracted using the HDW method. The results are compared with the open region derived from the electroglottograph (EGG) signals and speech signals. The results show that the proposed method based on DRF contour, derived from the speech signals, seems to perform better than the methods based on EGG signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4958681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T17:00:53Z","timestamp":1469638853000},"page":"666-677","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Determination of glottal open regions by exploiting changes in the vocal tract system characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Ravi Shankar","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Yegnanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus EEE Department, , Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad 500078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023071700101837900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000265727","article-title":"Relationships between electroglottograph, speech, and vocal cord contact","volume":"36","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fol. Phon. Logopaed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071700101837900_c2","first-page":"131","article-title":"A critical review of electroglottography","volume":"12","year":"1984","journal-title":"Crit. Rev, Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023071700101837900_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2009.2022430","article-title":"The SIGMA algorithm: A glottal activity detector for electroglottographic signals","volume":"17","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Language Processing"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c4","first-page":"2837","article-title":"Local regularity analysis at glottal opening and closure instants in electroglottogram signal using wavelet transform modulus maxima","year":"2003"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023071700101837900_c5","first-page":"539","article-title":"Variation of glottal open and closed phases for speakers of english","volume":"8","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Acoust."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071700101837900_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2011.2157684","article-title":"Estimation of glottal closing and opening instants in voiced speech using the YAGA algorithm","volume":"20","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Language Processing"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c7","article-title":"A comparative study of glottal open quotient estimation techniques","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071700101837900_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2011.03.003","article-title":"A comparative study of glottal source estimation techniques","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Language Processing"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c9","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of glottal waveform analysis","volume-title":"Progress in Nonlinear Speech Processing","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071700101837900_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1979.1163260","article-title":"Least squares glottal inverse filtering from the acoustic speech waveform","volume":"27","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Processing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071700101837900_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/02699208908985291","article-title":"Laryngographic assessment of normal voice: A tutorial","volume":"3","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Ling. Phonetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071700101837900_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3103.338","article-title":"Monitoring vocal fold abduction through vocal fold contact area","volume":"31","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Speech Language Hear. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071700101837900_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402044","article-title":"Vocal quality factors: Analysis, synthesis, and perception","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c14","volume-title":"Digital Processing of Speech Signals","year":"1978"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071700101837900_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1109\/78.80824","article-title":"Discrete all-pole modeling","volume":"39","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Processing"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c16","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Estimation of the glottal pulseform based on discrete all-pole modeling","year":"1994"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c17","first-page":"389","article-title":"Speech analysis using the weighted recursive least squares algorithm with a variable forgetting factor","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071700101837900_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(92)90005-R","article-title":"Glottal wave analysis with pitch synchronous iterative adaptive inverse filtering","volume":"11","year":"1992","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071700101837900_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/89.554263","article-title":"Noncausal all-pole modeling of voiced speech","volume":"5","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Processing"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c20","first-page":"2191","article-title":"Detection of glottal closing and opening instants using an improved dypsa framework","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c21","first-page":"2891","article-title":"Glottal closure and opening instant detection from speech signals","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62521","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/62521","article-title":"Open quotient measurements based on multiscale product of speech signal wavelet transform","volume":"2007","journal-title":"J. Elect. Comput. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071700101837900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-011-0040-6","article-title":"Glottal closure instant and voice source analysis using time-scale lines of maximum amplitude","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sadhana"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c24","article-title":"Glottal source parameterization: A comparative study","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1121\/1.422786","article-title":"Automatic parametrization of differentiated glottal flow: Comparing methods by means of synthetic flow pulses","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071700101837900_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-011-0041-5","article-title":"Glottal inverse filtering analysis of human voice production-a review of estimation and parameterization methods of the glottal excitation and their applications","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sadhana"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071700101837900_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1958.00730020005001","article-title":"Laryngeal vibrations: Measurements of the glottic wave: Part 1. the normal vibratory cycle","volume":"68","year":"1958","journal-title":"AMA Archiv. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1490365","article-title":"Normalized amplitude quotient for parametrization of the glottal flow","volume":"112","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c29","first-page":"47","article-title":"Spectral correlates of voice open quotient and glottal flow asymmetry: Theory, limits and experimental data","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c30","first-page":"2039","article-title":"Detection of the glottal closure by jumps in the statistical properties of the signal","year":"1989"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071700101837900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90017-4","article-title":"Detection of the glottal closure by jumps in the statistical properties of the speech signal","volume":"9","year":"1990","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023071700101837900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2013.02.007","article-title":"Spectro-temporal analysis of speech signals using zero-time windowing and group delay function","volume":"55","year":"2013","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023071700101837900_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2008.2004526","article-title":"Epoch extraction from speech signals","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Language Processing"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c34","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Extracting formants from short segments of speech using group delay functions","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c35","first-page":"2292","article-title":"Acoustic segmentation of speech using zero time liftering","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023071700101837900_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1109\/10.301733","article-title":"Measuring and modeling vocal source-tract interaction","volume":"41","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023071700101837900_c37","first-page":"1046","article-title":"The effect of glottal opening on the acoustic response of the vocal tract","volume":"93","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Acust. Acust."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071700101837900_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2009.2038507","article-title":"Voiced\/nonvoiced detection based on robustness of voiced epochs","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Lett."},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c39","article-title":"The CMU-ARCTIC speech databases","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c40","unstructured":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, http:\/\/www.ee.ic.ac.uk\/hp\/staff\/dmb\/voicebox\/voicebox.html (Last viewed July 6, 2016)."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023071700101837900_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2008.08.004","article-title":"Voice source parameter measurement based on multi-scale analysis of electroglottographic signal","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c42","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Automatic voice-source parameterization of natural speech","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023071700101837900_c43","volume-title":"The Acoustic Theory of Speech Production","year":"1960"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/140\/1\/666\/15320962\/666_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/140\/1\/666\/15320962\/666_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:10:29Z","timestamp":1689552629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/140\/1\/666\/604252\/Determination-of-glottal-open-regions-by"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4958681","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]}}}