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Using a three-dimensional body-cover continuum model of phonation, this study shows that changes in vocal fold stiffness have a large effect on F0 and the means and amplitudes of the glottal area and flow rate. However, varying vocal fold stiffness, particularly along the anterior\u2212posterior direction, has a much smaller effect on the closed quotient, vertical phase difference, and the spectral shape of the output acoustics, which are more effectively controlled by changes in the vertical thickness of the medial surface. These results suggest that although changes in vocal fold stiffness are often correlated with production of different voice types, there is no direct cause\u2212effect relation between vocal fold stiffness and voice types, and the correlation may simply result from the fact that both vocal fold stiffness and geometry are regulated by the same set of laryngeal muscles. These results also suggest the possibility of developing reduced-order models of phonation in which the vocal fold is simplified to a one-layer structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5008497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T15:01:31Z","timestamp":1508857291000},"page":"2311-2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Effect of vocal fold stiffness on voice production in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Zhaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072905325430100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1324678","article-title":"A finite-element model of vocal-fold vibration","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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