{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:59:42Z","timestamp":1773514782997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aperiodicity in the voice source is caused by changes in the vocal fold vibrations, other than the normal quasi-periodicity and the turbulence at the glottis. The aperiodicity appears to be one of the main properties that is responsible for conveying the emotion in artistic voices. In this paper, the feasibility of representing the excitation source characteristics in artistic (Noh) singing voice by an impulse-like sequence in the time domain is examined. The impulses at the glottal closure instants contribute to the major excitation of the vocal tract system. The sequence of such impulses produces harmonics of the fundamental frequency in the spectrum. The amplitude variation or amplitude modulation (AM) of these impulses in the sequence contributes to the aperiodicity in the excitation, and can result in appearance of subharmonics in the spectrum. The variation in the impulse intervals or frequency modulation (FM) can also contribute to the aperiodicity in the excitation. The aperiodic component of the excitation in the Noh voice is examined in the impulse-like sequence derived from the signal using the single frequency filtering analysis. The effects of aperiodicity are explained for synthetic AM and FM sequences of impulses using spectrograms and saliency plots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5139225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T19:12:13Z","timestamp":1576869133000},"page":"4446-4457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Analysis of aperiodicity in artistic Noh singing voice using an impulse sequence representation of excitation source"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Sudarsana Reddy","family":"Kadiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Aalto University 1 , Otakaari 3, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Yegnanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech Processing Laboratory, International Institute of Information Technology-Hyderabad (IIIT-H) 2 , 500032, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2023080309154737600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-011-0041-5","article-title":"Glottal inverse filtering analysis of human voice production\u2212A review of estimation and parameterization methods of the glottal excitation and their applications","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sadhana"},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3095801","article-title":"Closed phase covariance analysis based on constrained linear prediction for glottal inverse filtering","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3654783","article-title":"From high-speed imaging to perception: In search of a perceptually relevant voice source model","volume":"130","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080309154737600_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2015.2404035","article-title":"Single frequency filtering approach for discriminating speech and nonspeech","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2018.01.003","article-title":"Significance of phase in single frequency filtering outputs of speech signals","volume":"97","year":"2018","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080309154737600_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402044","article-title":"Vocal quality factors: Analysis, synthesis, and perception","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080309154737600_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2014.03.003","article-title":"Glottal source processing: From analysis to applications","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2011.02.004","article-title":"Causal-anticausal decomposition of speech using complex cepstrum for glottal source estimation","volume":"53","year":"2011","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2011.03.003","article-title":"A comparative study of glottal source estimation techniques","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080309154737600_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2011.2170835","article-title":"Detection of glottal closure instants from speech signals: A quantitative review","volume":"20","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c11","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Acoustic Theory of Speech Production","year":"1970","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c12","first-page":"119","article-title":"The LF-model revisited. Transformations and frequency domain analysis","volume":"36","year":"1995","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080309154737600_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3109\/14015430903002288","article-title":"Noh voice quality","volume":"34","year":"2009","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c14","first-page":"4245","article-title":"Evaluation of speech inverse filtering techniques using a physiologically based synthesizer","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c15","unstructured":"Kadiri, S. R. (2018). \u201cAnalysis of excitation information in expressive speech,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Speech Processing Laboratory IIIT, Hyderabad."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c16","first-page":"4260","article-title":"Analysis of singing voice for epoch extraction using zero frequency filtering method","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2016.11.005","article-title":"Epoch extraction from emotional speech using single frequency filtering approach","volume":"86","year":"2017","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c18","article-title":"A unified approach for F0 extraction and aperiodicity estimation based on a temporally stable power spectral representation","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c19","first-page":"3933","article-title":"TANDEM-STRAIGHT: A temporally stable power spectral representation for periodic signals and applications to interference-free spectrum, F0, and aperiodicity estimation","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023080309154737600_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398894","article-title":"Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers","volume":"87","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3655295","article-title":"Perceptual importance of the voice source spectrum from H2 to 2 kHz","volume":"130","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c22","first-page":"1591","article-title":"Analysis of laugh signals for detecting in continuous speech","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c23","unstructured":"Mittal, V. K. (2014). \u201cAnalysis of nonverbal speech sounds,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, IIIT, Hyderabad."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c24","first-page":"504","article-title":"Significance of aperiodicity in the pitch perception of expressive voices","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023080309154737600_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4921604","article-title":"Study of characteristics of aperiodicity in Noh voices","volume":"137","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023080309154737600_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2008.2004526","article-title":"Epoch extraction from speech signals","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080309154737600_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2006.876878","article-title":"Estimation of glottal closure instants in voiced speech using the DYPSA algorithm","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech Lang. Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080309154737600_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2010.2045239","article-title":"HMM-based speech synthesis utilizing glottal inverse filtering","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080309154737600_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2011.2157684","article-title":"Estimation of glottal closing and opening instants in voiced speech using the yaga algorithm","volume":"20","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech Lang. Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080309154737600_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2832339","article-title":"Nonlinear source\u2013filter coupling in phonation: Vocal exercises","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080309154737600_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2832337","article-title":"Nonlinear source\u2013filter coupling in phonation: Theory","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080309154737600_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421103","article-title":"A computationally efficient alternative for the Liljencrants\u2013Fant model and its perceptual evaluation","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71505-4","article-title":"A review of glottal waveform analysis","volume":"4391","year":"2007","journal-title":"Springer Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. (LNCS)"},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c34","first-page":"5396","article-title":"Decomposition of speech signals for analysis of aperiodic components of excitation","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023080309154737600_c35","first-page":"5396","article-title":"Decomposition of speech signals for analysis of aperiodic components of excitation","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/146\/6\/4446\/13665095\/4446_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/146\/6\/4446\/13665095\/4446_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T09:16:05Z","timestamp":1691054165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/146\/6\/4446\/952443\/Analysis-of-aperiodicity-in-artistic-Noh-singing"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.5139225","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}