{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:54:21Z","timestamp":1778316861070,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) are massive, land-breeding marine mammals that produce loud, stereotyped calls during annual breeding seasons. To determine vocalization source levels emitted by competing males on a mainland breeding rookery, aerial calls were measured on-axis at 1\u2009m from adult males using three different sound pressure level metrics. Time-averaged (1 min) ambient noise was also measured under variable environmental and social conditions. Results indicate that male northern elephant seals emit high amplitude airborne calls with little variation in call amplitude. Mean source levels ranged from 98 to 114\u2009dB re: 20 \u03bcPa [root-mean-square (rms) -fast], 102\u2013116\u2009dB re: 20 \u03bcPa (rms-impulse), and 120\u2013131\u2009dB re: 20 \u03bcPa (peak) and average standard deviations for all metrics were &amp;lt;2.3\u2009dB. Further, these seal rookeries exhibit high variability in ambient noise (in terms of both spectrum and amplitude) from biotic and environmental sources. Finally, males sampled did not adjust call amplitude to compensate for higher background noise levels and thus did not exhibit a Lombard effect. These findings reinforce the view that the remarkable vocalizations of male northern elephant seals serve as rigid and powerful signals that convey individual identity within noisy breeding colonies rather than as honest indicators of size, status, or motivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5139422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]],"date-time":"2019-12-26T18:31:17Z","timestamp":1577385077000},"page":"4514-4524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["High-amplitude vocalizations of male northern elephant seals and associated ambient noise on a breeding rookery"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Southall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz 1 , 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz 2 , Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3 , Seattle, Washington 98115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Insley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society Canada 4 , Whitehorse YT Y1A 0E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Reichmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz 1 , 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080309150611200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(62)90124-0","article-title":"The role of vocalization in the social behaviour of the northern elephant seal","volume":"10","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c2","volume-title":"Principles of Animal Communication","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1968","article-title":"Noise-dependent song amplitude regulation in a territorial songbird","volume":"63","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150228","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150228","article-title":"Rival assessment among northern elephant seals: Evidence of associative learning during male\u2013male contests","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"issue":"1892","key":"2023080309150611200_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20182176","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2176","article-title":"The rise and fall of dialects in northern elephant seals","volume":"285","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0310.2000.00639.x","article-title":"Call intensity and female preferences in the European green toad","volume":"106","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0746","article-title":"Amplitude regulation of vocalizations in noise by a songbird, Taeniopygia guttata","volume":"56","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c8","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Production of Loud and Quiet Calls in Howler Monkeys","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520328150-015","article-title":"Sex- and age-related variation in reproductive effort of northern elephant seals","volume-title":"Elephant Seals Population Ecology Behavior and Physiology","author":"Le Boeuf","year":"1994"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-003-0739-4","article-title":"Baboon loud calls advertise male quality: Acoustic features and their relation to rank, age, and exhaustion","volume":"56","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c11","first-page":"115","article-title":"Production of vocalizations in mammals","volume":"1972","year":"2006","journal-title":"Encycl. Lang. Linguist."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211533110","article-title":"Ambient noise induces independent shifts in call frequency and amplitude within the Lombard effect in echolocating bats","volume":"110","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arv204","article-title":"Vocal responses to noise reveal the presence of the Lombard effect in a frog","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c14","volume-title":"The Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Larynx","year":"1995"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL27","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3040028","article-title":"Speaking up: Killer whales (Orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.06.013","article-title":"Call directionality and its behavioural significance in male northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris","volume":"80","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4785742","article-title":"Source levels of northern elephant seal vocalizations in air","volume":"118","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1139\/z99-151","article-title":"In-air and underwater hearing sensitivity of a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)","volume":"77","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-013-1592-8","article-title":"Male baboon responses to experimental manipulations of loud \u2018wahoo calls\u2019: Testing an honest signal of fighting ability","volume":"67","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1404.677","article-title":"The Lombard sign and the role of hearing in speech","volume":"14","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Speech, Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156853972X00167","article-title":"Sexual behavior in the northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris","volume":"41","year":"1972","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/14.1.163","article-title":"Male-male competition and reproductive success in elephant seals","volume":"14","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520328150","volume-title":"Elephant Seals: An introduction to the Genus","author":"Le Boeuf","year":"1994"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(74)80013-8","article-title":"Dialects of northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostric: Origin and reliability","volume":"22","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.05.031","article-title":"An experimental test of noise-dependent voice amplitude regulation in Cope's grey treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis","volume":"80","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.07.011","article-title":"The Lombard effect: From acoustics to neural mechanisms","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1921508","article-title":"Marine mammals and noise: Problems with root mean square sound pressure levels for transients","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421227","article-title":"Control of vocal intensity in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): Differential reinforcement of vocal intensity and the Lombard effect","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.06.035","article-title":"Northern elephant seals memorize the rhythm and timbre of their rivals' voices","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1052","article-title":"Roaring and numerical assessment in contests between groups of female lions, Panthera leo","volume":"47","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2047","article-title":"Long-distance communication of acoustic cues to social identity in African elephants","volume":"65","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032681","article-title":"Blue whales respond to anthropogenic noise","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557729","article-title":"The evolution of nonhuman primate loud calls: Acoustic adaptation for long-distance transmission","volume":"39","year":"1998","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300007","article-title":"Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)","volume":"18","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c35","volume-title":"The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses","year":"1990"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1163\/156853976X00145","article-title":"Agonistic behavior in the male northern elephant seal","volume":"57","year":"1976","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2003.9753512","article-title":"Source level of male vocalisations in the genus mirounga: Repeatability and correlates","volume":"14","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioacoustics"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1835508","article-title":"Indication of a Lombard vocal response in the St Lawrence River beluga","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262151214.001.0001","article-title":"Vocal learning in mammals with special emphasis on pinnipeds","volume-title":"The Evolution of Communicative Flexibility: Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication","author":"Oller","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(81)80147-9","article-title":"Individual differences in threat calls of northern elephant seal bulls","volume":"29","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2307\/1381150","article-title":"Day and night patterns of vocal activity of northern elephant seal bulls","volume":"67","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Mammal."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380685","article-title":"Regulation of voice amplitude by the monkey","volume":"58","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c44","first-page":"202","article-title":"Acoustic communication ranges for northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)","volume":"29","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquatic"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080309150611200_c45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002036","article-title":"Echolocating bats cry out loud to detect their prey","volume":"3","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c46","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Principles of Voice Production","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.05.032","article-title":"Amplitude of bison bellows reflects male quality, physical condition and motivation","volume":"76","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2023080309150611200_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0334","article-title":"Diana monkey long-distance calls: Messages for conspecifics and predators","volume":"53","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/146\/6\/4514\/13664684\/4514_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/146\/6\/4514\/13664684\/4514_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T05:41:31Z","timestamp":1722231691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/146\/6\/4514\/952426\/High-amplitude-vocalizations-of-male-northern"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.5139422","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}