{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:49:54Z","timestamp":1790635794668,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":388,"URL":"https:\/\/publishing.aip.org\/authors\/rights-and-permissions"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1652632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1652632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, a high-fidelity three-dimensional continuum model of the canine laryngeal framework was developed for simulating laryngeal posturing. By building each muscle and cartilage from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the model is highly realistic in anatomy. The muscle mechanics is modeled using the finite-element method. The model was tested by simulating vocal fold postures under systematic activations of individual as well as groups of laryngeal muscles, and it accurately predicted vocal fold posturing parameters reported from in vivo canine larynges. As a demonstration of its application, the model was then used to investigate muscle controls of arytenoid movements, medial surface morphology, and vocal fold abduction. The results show that the traditionally categorized adductor and abductor muscles can have opposite effects on vocal fold posturing, making highly complex laryngeal adjustments in speech and singing possible. These results demonstrate that a realistic comprehensive larynx model is feasible, which is a critical step toward a causal physics-based model of voice production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T15:24:33Z","timestamp":1587741873000},"page":"2597-2608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A three-dimensional vocal fold posturing model based on muscle mechanics and magnetic resonance imaging of a canine larynx"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Biao","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04473, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04473, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04473, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04473, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080809415338900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199804001-00001","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of cricoarytenoid joint motion","volume":"108","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2010.03.005","article-title":"Biomechanics of the cricoarytenoid joint: Three-dimensional imaging and vector analysis","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-39-465-641","article-title":"The mechanism of the larynx. I. The movements of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages","volume":"39","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221510009592X","article-title":"Cricoarytenoid joint structure and function","volume":"97","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410301208","article-title":"Function of the interarytenoid muscle in a canine laryngeal model","volume":"103","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL127","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3310274","article-title":"Graded activation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles for vocal fold posturing","volume":"127","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3672686","article-title":"Neuromuscular control of fundamental frequency and glottal posture at phonation onset","volume":"131","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4865918","article-title":"Influence and interactions of laryngeal adductors and cricothyroid muscles on fundamental frequency and glottal posture control","volume":"135","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2016.12.004","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the in vivo vocal fold medial surface shape","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2007.08.008","article-title":"Dynamic MRI of larynx and vocal fold vibrations in normal phonation","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c11","first-page":"11032","article-title":"Vocal fold and arytenoid cartilage motion during inspiration and phonation after three-dimensional reconstruction of dynamic CT","volume":"98","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1652033","article-title":"A three-dimensional model of vocal fold abduction\/adduction","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4028428","article-title":"Interaction between the thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles in the control of vocal fold adduction and eigenfrequencies","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL280","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4962375","article-title":"Laryngeal muscular control of vocal fold posturing: Numerical modeling and experimental validation","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4964509","article-title":"Mechanics of human voice production and control","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.5541030209","article-title":"The three bellies of the canine posterior cricoarytenoid muscle: Implications for understanding laryngeal function","volume":"103","year":"1993","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4866173","article-title":"A viscoelastic laryngeal muscle model with active components","volume":"135","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL248","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5055564","article-title":"Coupling between a fiber-reinforced model and a Hill-based contractile model for passive and active tissue properties of laryngeal muscles: A finite element study","volume":"144","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4837222","article-title":"Intraglottal geometry and velocity measurements in canine larynges","volume":"135","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c20","first-page":"129","article-title":"MeshLab: An open-source mesh processing tool","author":"Scarano","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940010900512","article-title":"Three-dimensional anatomic characterization of the canine laryngeal abductor and adductor musculature","volume":"109","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:4&lt;244::AID-CA5&gt;3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"The paraglottic space and transglottic cancer: Anatomical considerations","volume":"9","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL158","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4905892","article-title":"Modal response of a computational vocal fold model with a substrate layer of adipose tissue","volume":"137","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c24","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Miller's Anatomy of the Dog-E-Book","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910801210","article-title":"Geometric structure of the human and canine cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscles for biomechanical applications","volume":"108","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c26","unstructured":"See supplementary material at http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0001093 for (1) a list of the anatomic properties of all muscles. (2) A breakdown figure of the components. (3) Details on the mesh-independence study."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010835316564","article-title":"A new constitutive framework for arterial wall mechanics and a comparative study of material models","volume":"61","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Elast."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325498","article-title":"Analysis of fundamental human movement patterns through the use of in-depth antagonistic muscle models","volume":"BME-32","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(03)00026-2","article-title":"An investigation of cricoarytenoid joint mechanics using simulated muscle forces,\u201d J","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00892.2006","article-title":"Refinements in modeling the passive properties of laryngeal soft tissue","volume":"103","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3183592","article-title":"Ranking vocal fold model parameters by their influence on modal frequencies","volume":"126","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4906272","article-title":"Regulation of glottal closure and airflow in a three-dimensional phonation model: Implications for vocal intensity control","volume":"137","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3605529","article-title":"Sensitivity of vocal fold vibratory modes to their three-layer structure: Implications for computational modeling of phonation","volume":"130","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4799809","article-title":"The influence of thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscle activation on vocal fold stiffness and eigenfrequencies","volume":"19","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Meet. Acoust."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4041045","article-title":"Effect of longitudinal variation of vocal fold inner layer thickness on fluid-structure interaction during voice production","volume":"140","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(95)90008-X","article-title":"Morphometry of the larynx in horizontal sections","volume":"16","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol. Neck Med. Surg."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(97)80004-5","article-title":"The dynamics of length change in canine vocal folds","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26430","article-title":"3D analysis of the movements of the laryngeal cartilages during singing","volume":"127","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-195604000-00004","article-title":"The mechanism of opening of the human larynx","volume":"66","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Laryngol. Rhinol. Otol. Soc."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.1978.88.4.667","article-title":"The anatomy and movements of the cricoarytenoid joint","volume":"88","year":"1978","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410300402","article-title":"Three-dimensional motion of the arytenoid adduction procedure in cadaver larynges","volume":"103","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1961.00740020553008","article-title":"The mechanics of the cricoarytenoid joint","volume":"73","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411300114","article-title":"Comparison of human, canine, and ovine laryngeal dimensions","volume":"113","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL104","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3057860","article-title":"Investigation of four distinct glottal configurations in classical singing\u2014A pilot study","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3552874","article-title":"Membranous and cartilaginous vocal fold adduction in singing","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26145","article-title":"Three-dimensional posture changes of the vocal fold from paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles","volume":"127","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27000","article-title":"Hirano's cover\u2013body model and its unique laryngeal postures revisited","volume":"128","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000263771","article-title":"Morphological structure of the vocal cord as a vibrator and its variations","volume":"26","year":"1974","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430500344844","article-title":"Mirroring the voice from Garcia to the present day: Some insights into singing voice registers","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c50","first-page":"165","article-title":"Changes in vocal fold morphology during singing over two octaves","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395910","article-title":"The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5008497","article-title":"Effect of vocal fold stiffness on voice production in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/000348946907800417","article-title":"LXXV: The posterior cricoarytenoid as an inspiratory muscle","volume":"78","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947608500304","article-title":"Posterior cricoarytenoid as a speech muscle","volume":"85","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199407000-00019","article-title":"The innervation of the human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle","volume":"104","year":"1994","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890240039009","article-title":"Human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle compartments: Anatomy and mechanics","volume":"122","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2010.11.004","article-title":"Posterior cricoarytenoid bellies: Relationship between their function and histology","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1993.01880210022003","article-title":"The innervation of the human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle","volume":"104","year":"1994","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1501586","article-title":"Developing an anatomical model of the human laryngeal cartilages from magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"112","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2013.06.003","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of human vocal folds and standard laryngeal cartilages using computed tomography scan data","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2011.03.012","article-title":"A new method of reconstructing the human laryngeal architecture using micro-MRI","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL159","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4959599","article-title":"A parametric vocal fold model based on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL351","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4978363","article-title":"A finite element study on the cause of vocal fold vertical stiffness variation","volume":"141","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4964508","article-title":"The effect of vocal fold vertical stiffness variation on voice production","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c65","unstructured":"I.\u2008Sellars\n          , \u201cA biomechanical study of the movements of the arytenoid cartilage,\u201d MS thesis, University of Cape Town (1981)."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421223","article-title":"Using joint geometry to determine the motion of the cricoarytenoid joint","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.01.021","article-title":"A 3D skeletal muscle model coupled with active contraction of muscle fibres and hyperelastic behaviour","volume":"42","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023080809415338900_c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2010.11.006","article-title":"Cooperative regulation of vocal fold morphology and stress by the cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscles","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Voice"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1121\/10.0001093","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/147\/4\/2597\/14124781\/2597_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/147\/4\/2597\/14124781\/2597_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T09:49:10Z","timestamp":1691488150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/147\/4\/2597\/1058637\/A-three-dimensional-vocal-fold-posturing-model"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0001093","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}}}