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A causal acoustic reflection function (RF) measured in the time domain at the probe tip is used to calculate area-distance functions of the ear canal. Area-distance functions are compared with plane-wave methods based on layer peeling and Ware-Aki algorithms. A time-domain model of viscothermal wall loss is devised and applied to ear-canal data, with area-distance functions compared between loss-less and lossy methods. This model is applicable to time-domain RF calibrations using measured data in short tubes. Specification of the near-TM sound field may benefit the interpretation of data from physiological tests such as otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem responses and high-frequency behavioral tests such as extended audiometry and tests of spatial processing of sound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T11:19:25Z","timestamp":1599218365000},"page":"1193-1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sound field estimation near the tympanic membrane using area-distance measurements in the ear canal"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7690-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas H.","family":"Keefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boys Town National Research Hospital , 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080109514639300_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412068","article-title":"Time-domain measurements of reflection functions for discontinuities in cylindro-conical waveguides","volume":"97","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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