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This study aimed to determine the extent to which eye tracking improves the accuracy of locating the current talker in three-way conversations and to test the hypothesis that eye movements become more likely to track the target talker with increasing background noise levels, particularly in older and\/or hearing-impaired listeners. Conversations between a participant and two confederates were held around a small table in quiet and with background noise levels of 50, 60, and 70\u2009dB sound pressure level, while the participant's eye and head movements were recorded. Ten young normal-hearing listeners were tested, along with ten older normal-hearing listeners and eight hearing-impaired listeners. Head movements generally undershot the talker's position by 10\u00b0\u201315\u00b0, but head and eye movements together predicted the talker's position well. Contrary to our original hypothesis, no major differences in listening behavior were observed between the groups or between noise levels, although the hearing-impaired listeners tended to spend less time looking at the current talker than the other groups, especially at the highest noise level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T12:47:29Z","timestamp":1616071649000},"page":"1889-1900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Investigating age, hearing loss, and background noise effects on speaker-targeted head and eye movements in three-way conversations"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota 1 , 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8038-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin F.","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies 2 , 6700 Washington Avenue South, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies 2 , 6700 Washington Avenue South, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9365-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Oxenham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota 1 , 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080323465805700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.1973.7.1.19","article-title":"The different functions of gaze","volume":"7","year":"1973","journal-title":"Semiotica"},{"key":"2023080323465805700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2007\/080)","article-title":"Enhanced visual speech perception in individuals with early-onset hearing impairment","volume":"50","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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