{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:13:46Z","timestamp":1753881226491,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC007124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC007124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REU 1559819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REU 1559819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tone quality termed \u201cdark\u201d is an aesthetically important property of Western classical voice performance and has been associated with lowered formant frequencies, lowered larynx, and widened pharynx. The present study uses real-time magnetic resonance imaging with synchronous audio recordings to investigate dark tone quality in four professionally trained sopranos with enhanced ecological validity and a relatively complete view of the vocal tract. Findings differ from traditional accounts, indicating that labial narrowing may be the primary driver of dark tone quality across performers, while many other aspects of vocal tract shaping are shown to differ significantly in a performer-specific way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T12:02:37Z","timestamp":1625832157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dark tone quality and vocal tract shaping in soprano song production: Insights from real-time MRI"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Lynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute 1 , Worcester, Massachusetts 01690, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shrikanth S.","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Analysis and Interpretation Laboratory, University of Southern California 2 , Los Angeles, California 95616, USA \u2008 erlynn@wpi.edu , shri@ee.usc.edu, , alammert@wpi.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Lammert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute 1 , Worcester, Massachusetts 01690, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023062705174949900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4812756","article-title":"Formant frequency estimation of high-pitched vowels using weighted linear prediction","volume":"134","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023062705174949900_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393423","article-title":"Spectral analysis of sung vowels. III. Characteristics of singers and modes of singing","volume":"79","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023062705174949900_c3","first-page":"341","article-title":"Praat: A system for doing phonetics by computer","volume":"5","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glot. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023062705174949900_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL335","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3499700","article-title":"Real-time MRI investigation of resonance tuning in soprano singing","volume":"128","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062705174949900_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2335423","article-title":"Synchronized and noise-robust audio recordings during realtime magnetic resonance imaging scans","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062705174949900_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153792","article-title":"Morphometric differences of vocal tract articulators in different loudness conditions in singing","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023062705174949900_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2014.01.011","article-title":"Vocal tract shapes in different singing functions used in musical theater singing\u2014a pilot study","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023062705174949900_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2013.10.009","article-title":"Vocal tract configurations in tenors' passaggio in different vowel conditions\u2014a real-time magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"volume-title":"Acoustic Theory of Speech Production","year":"1960","key":"2023062705174949900_c9"},{"volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 Complet de l'Art du Chant","year":"1840","key":"2023062705174949900_c10"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023062705174949900_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80017-7","article-title":"Open and covered singing as studied by means of fiberoptics, inverse filtering, and spectral analysis","volume":"4","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"year":"2015","key":"2023062705174949900_c12","article-title":"Defying gravity: Formant frequencies of English vowels produced in upright and supine body position"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023062705174949900_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000078663","article-title":"Acoustic and auditory phonetics","volume":"61","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023062705174949900_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.26.465","article-title":"Difference in vocal tract shape between upright and supine postures: Observations by an open-type MRI scanner","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acoust. Sci. Technol."},{"volume-title":"A Course in Phonetics","year":"2014","key":"2023062705174949900_c15"},{"first-page":"1572","article-title":"Data-driven analysis of realtime vocal tract MRI using correlated image regions","year":"2010","key":"2023062705174949900_c16"},{"key":"2023062705174949900_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2013\/12-0211)","article-title":"Interspeaker variability in hard palate morphology and vowel production","volume":"56","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"first-page":"959","article-title":"Vocal tract cross-distance estimation from real-time MRI using region-of-interest analysis","year":"2013","key":"2023062705174949900_c18"},{"key":"2023062705174949900_c19","unstructured":"Lynn, E., Narayanan, S., and Lammert, A. C. (2021). https:\/\/sail.usc.edu\/span\/soprano-tone-quality (Last viewed June 23, 2021)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023062705174949900_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(88)90073-8","article-title":"Distinctive regions and modes: A new theory of speech production","volume":"7","year":"1988","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062705174949900_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1652588","article-title":"An approach to real-time magnetic resonance imaging for speech production","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023062705174949900_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4890284","article-title":"Real-time magnetic resonance imaging and electromagnetic articulography database for speech production research (TC),","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023062705174949900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14015439.2020.1757147","article-title":"A pilot investigation of twang quality using magnetic resonance imaging","year":"2020","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062705174949900_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2018.02.001","article-title":"A computerized tomography study of vocal tract setting in hyperfunctional dysphonia and in belting","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"20","key":"2023062705174949900_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9073","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-20-09073.1999","article-title":"Effects of gravitational load on jaw movements in speech","volume":"19","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"volume-title":"Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy","year":"1999","key":"2023062705174949900_c26"},{"article-title":"Chap. 3","volume-title":"Acoustic Phonetics","year":"1998","key":"2023062705174949900_c27"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023062705174949900_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2715659","article-title":"Comparison of speech production in upright and supine position","volume":"122","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023062705174949900_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1869752","article-title":"A parametric model of the vocal tract area function for vowel and consonant simulation","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023062705174949900_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2015.11.001","article-title":"Formant measurement in children's speech based on spectral filtering","volume":"76","year":"2016","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062705174949900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1352085","article-title":"The relationship of vocal tract shape to three voice qualities","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023062705174949900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000263365","article-title":"Formant structure and articulation of spoken and sung vowels","volume":"22","year":"1970","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023062705174949900_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000263672","article-title":"The source spectrum in professional singing","volume":"25","year":"1973","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062705174949900_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430310018874","article-title":"Source and filter adjustments affecting the perception of the vocal qualities twang and yawn","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023062705174949900_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382-e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2016.08.014","article-title":"A formant range profile for singers","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023062705174949900_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3160296","article-title":"Modeling source-filter interaction in belting and high-pitched operatic male singing","volume":"126","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023062705174949900_c37","first-page":"561","article-title":"Source-vocal tract interaction in female operatic singing and theater belting","volume":"67","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sing."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023062705174949900_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2012.11.002","article-title":"The effect of supine and upright position on vocal tract configurations during singing\u2014a comparative study in professional tenors","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Voice"}],"container-title":["JASA Express Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jel\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1121\/10.0005109\/13256200\/075202_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jel\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1121\/10.0005109\/13256200\/075202_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jel\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1121\/10.0005109\/13256200\/075202_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T14:33:41Z","timestamp":1746801221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jel\/article\/1\/7\/075202\/219815\/Dark-tone-quality-and-vocal-tract-shaping-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0005109","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1191"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2691-1191"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"article-number":"075202"}}