{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:48:09Z","timestamp":1740127689682,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000888","name":"W. M. Keck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SERF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SERF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12368098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12368098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-20-P-2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-20-P-2007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS--1542148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS--1542148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Materials under vibration experience internal stress waves that can cause material failure or energy loss due to inelastic vibration. Traditionally, failure is defined in terms of material acceleration, yet this approach has many drawbacks, principally because it is not invariant with respect to scale, type of vibration, or material choice. Here, the likelihood of failure is instead considered in terms of the maximum vibration or particle velocity for various metals, polymers, and structural materials. The exact relationship between the maximum particle velocity and the maximum induced stress may be derived, but only if one knows the details of the vibration, material, flaws, and geometry. Statistical results with over thousands of individual trials are presented here to demonstrate a wide variety of vibrations across a sufficient variety of these choices. Failure in this context is defined as either fracture or plastic yield, the latter associated with inelastic deformation and energy loss during vibration. If the maximum permissible cyclical stress in material vibration is known, to at least an order of magnitude, the probability of this type of failure may be computed for a range of vibration velocities in each material. The results support the notion that a maximum particle velocity on the order of 1\u2009m\/s is a universal and critical limit that, upon exceeding, causes the probability of failure to become significant regardless of the details of the material, geometry, or vibration. We illustrate this in a specific example relevant to acoustofluidics, a simple surface acoustic wave device. The consequences of particle velocity limit analysis can effectively be used in materials and structural engineering to predict when dynamic material particle velocity can cause inelastic losses or failure via brittle fracture, plastic deformation, or fatigue failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T13:37:41Z","timestamp":1628170661000},"page":"878-890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An investigation of maximum particle velocity as a universal invariant\u2014Defined by a statistical measure of failure or plastic energy loss for acoustofluidic applications"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Arik","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive MC0411, La Jolla, California 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive MC0411, La Jolla, California 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Friend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive MC0411, La Jolla, California 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications","year":"2005","edition":"3rd ed. (","key":"2023071703542572100_c1"},{"volume-title":"Number v. 1 in Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids","year":"1990","key":"2023071703542572100_c2"},{"volume-title":"Die Analytische Zahlentheorie (Analytical number theory)","year":"1894","key":"2023071703542572100_c3"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023071703542572100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.59.588","article-title":"The velocity of longitudinal waves in cylindrical bars","volume":"59","year":"1941","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071703542572100_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2893997","article-title":"Determining the Loss Factor by the Power Input Method (PIM), Part 2: Experimental Investigation with Impact Hammer Excitation","volume":"121","year":"1998","journal-title":"ASME J. Vib. Acoust."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071703542572100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1049\/ir:20040405","article-title":"Picoplatters","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEE Rev."},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00112J","article-title":"Micro\/nano acoustofluidics: Materials, phenomena, design, devices, and applications","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071703542572100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1528-2716(200001\/03)2:1&lt;50::AID-PSE7&gt;3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Damage indices and damage measures","volume":"2","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023071703542572100_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1909161","article-title":"Relation between strain and velocity in resonant vibration","volume":"34","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071703542572100_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(87)90049-4","article-title":"Dynamic failure of solids","volume":"147","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071703542572100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2010.08.005","article-title":"Development of a model to predict peak particle velocity in a blasting operation","volume":"48","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071703542572100_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/15567240600629492","article-title":"Fuel alternatives to gasoline","volume":"2","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Sources, Part B"},{"year":"1989","author":"Department of Defense","key":"2023071703542572100_c14"},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.647","article-title":"Microscale acoustofluidics: Microfluidics driven via acoustics and ultrasonics","volume":"83","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"year":"2000","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Shock spectrum classification of violent environments that cause machinery failure","key":"2023071703542572100_c16"},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.167-168.401","article-title":"A frequency domain approach for fatigue life estimation from finite element analysis","volume":"167","year":"1999","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater. Trans. Technol. Publ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071703542572100_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2220576","article-title":"A state-of-knowledge review of the influence of strong-motion duration on structural damage","volume":"22","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023071703542572100_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908363","article-title":"Stress and strain limits on the attainable velocity in mechanical vibration","volume":"32","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071703542572100_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.06.004","article-title":"Failure of au RF-MEMS switches subjected to dynamic loading","volume":"154","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023071703542572100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2008.09.016","article-title":"The axial-torsional vibration of pretwisted beams","volume":"321","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61013","DOI":"10.3791\/61013","article-title":"Fabrication of surface acoustic wave devices on lithium niobate","volume":"160","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Visualized Exp."},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6105(98)00100-7","article-title":"Safe fatigue life of steel towers under the action of wind vibrations","volume":"74-76","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071703542572100_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.4314\/njt.v35i4.21","article-title":"Failure analysis and shock protection of external hard disk drive","volume":"35","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nigerian J. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071703542572100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1998.1534","article-title":"Frequency dependences of complex moduli and complex Poisson's ratio of real solid materials","volume":"214","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2014.11.010","article-title":"A review of mechanisms and models for dynamic failure, strength, and fragmentation","volume":"107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.04.001","article-title":"Piezoelectric ultrasonic micro\/milli-scale actuators","volume":"152","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023071703542572100_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1754276","article-title":"Direct piezoelectric coupling to surface elastic waves","volume":"7","year":"1965","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100408","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100408","article-title":"Manipulation and mixing of 200 femtoliter droplets in nanofluidic channels using MHz-order surface acoustic waves","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2023071703542572100_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.126.164502","article-title":"Powerful acoustogeometric streaming from dynamic geometric nonlinearity","volume":"126","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071703542572100_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-013-0463-y","article-title":"A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behaviour of rock materials","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/150\/2\/878\/15354294\/878_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/150\/2\/878\/15354294\/878_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T03:54:35Z","timestamp":1689566075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/150\/2\/878\/615533\/An-investigation-of-maximum-particle-velocity-as-a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0005816","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-4966"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1520-8524"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}}}