{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:48:53Z","timestamp":1787240933061,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-13-CORD-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-13-CORD-0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE28-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE28-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-15-IDEX-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-15-IDEX-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0025-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0025-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Speech glottal flow has been predominantly described in the time-domain in past decades, the Liljencrants\u2013Fant (LF) model being the most widely used in speech analysis and synthesis, despite its computational complexity. The causal\/anti-causal linear model (LFCALM) was later introduced as a digital filter implementation of LF, a mixed-phase spectral model including both anti-causal and causal filters to model the vocal-fold open and closed phases, respectively. To further simplify computation, a causal linear model (LFLM) describes the glottal flow with a fully causal set of filters. After expressing these three models under a single analytic formulation, we assessed here their perceptual consistency, when driven by a single parameter Rd related to voice quality. All possible paired combinations of signals generated using six\u2009Rd levels for each model were presented to subjects who were asked whether the two signals in each pair differed. Model pairs LFLM\u2013LFCALM were judged similar when sharing the same Rd value, and LF was considered the same as LFLM and LFCALM given a consistent shift in Rd. Overall, the similarity between these models encourages the use of the simpler and more computationally efficient models LFCALM and LFLM in speech synthesis applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T08:04:25Z","timestamp":1629360265000},"page":"1273-1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Perceptual equivalence of the Liljencrants\u2013Fant and linear-filter glottal flow models"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Olivier","family":"Perrotin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab 1 , F-38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Feug\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich 2 , Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"d'Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, \u00c9quipe Lutheries-Acoustique-Musique 3 , F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071703482150300_c1","first-page":"2473","article-title":"GlottDNN\u2014A full-band glottal vocoder for statistical parametric speech synthesis","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071703482150300_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1490365","article-title":"Normalized amplitude quotient for parametrization of the glottal flow","volume":"112","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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