{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:00:33Z","timestamp":1781881233732,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V051571\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V051571\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Opaque face masks harm communication by preventing speech-reading (lip-reading) and attenuating high-frequency sound. Although transparent masks and shields (visors) with clear plastic inserts allow speech-reading, they usually create more sound attenuation than opaque masks. Consequently, an iterative process was undertaken to create a better design, and the instructions to make it are published. The experiments showed that lowering the mass of the plastic inserts decreases the high-frequency sound attenuation. A shield with a clear thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) panel had an insertion loss of (2.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1)\u2009dB for 1.25\u20138\u2009kHz, which improves on previous designs that had attenuations of 11.9\u2009dB and above. A cloth mask with a TPU insert was designed and had an insertion loss of (4.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3)\u2009dB for 2\u20138\u2009kHz, which is better than the 9\u201322\u2009dB reported previously in the literature. The speech intelligibility index was also evaluated. Investigations to improve measurement protocols that use either mannikins or human talkers were undertaken. Manufacturing variability and inconsistency of human speaking were greater sources of experimental error than fitting differences. It was shown that measurements from a mannikin could match those from humans if insertion losses from four human talkers were averaged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0010384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T11:19:38Z","timestamp":1651231178000},"page":"2931-2944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Improving the measurement and acoustic performance of transparent face masks and shields"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor J.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustics Research Centre, University of Salford 1 , Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Dodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maker Space, University of Salford 2 , Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustics Research Centre, University of Salford 1 , Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Perugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester 3 , Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester 3 , Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maker Space, University of Salford 2 , Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081003031669800_c1","volume-title":"Medical Face Masks\u2014Requirements and Test Methods","author":"BS EN 14683:2019:","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023081003031669800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0002951","article-title":"The impact of face masks on the recall of spoken sentences","volume":"149","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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