{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:44:16Z","timestamp":1792644256677,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC014088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC014088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR) in humans is a bilateral contraction of the middle ear stapedial muscle in response to moderate-to-high intensity acoustic stimuli. Clinically, MEMR thresholds have been used for differential diagnosis of otopathologies for decades. More recently, changes in MEMR amplitude or threshold have been proposed as an assessment for noise-induced synaptopathy, a subclinical form of cochlear damage characterized by suprathreshold hearing problems that occur as a function of inner hair cell (IHC) synaptic loss, including hearing-in-noise deficits, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. In animal models, changes in wideband MEMR immittance have been correlated with noise-induced synaptopathy; however, studies in humans have shown more varied results. The discrepancies observed across studies could reflect the heterogeneity of synaptopathy in humans more than the effects of parametric differences or relative sensitivity of the measurement. Whereas the etiology and degree of synaptopathy can be carefully controlled in animal models, synaptopathy in humans likely stems from multiple etiologies and thus can vary greatly across the population. Here, we explore the evolving research evidence of the MEMR response in relation to subclinical noise-induced cochlear damage and the MEMR as an early correlate of suprathreshold deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0016853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T08:02:22Z","timestamp":1674201742000},"page":"436-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The middle ear muscle reflex: Current and future role in assessing noise-induced cochlear damage"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Trevino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andie","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Lobarinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080215455574100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215117000512","article-title":"Effects of thiocolchicoside, a commonly used myorelaxant, on the acoustic reflex","volume":"131","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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