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Humpback whale songs are a stereotyped, hierarchically structured vocal display performed by males, and hence thought to be sexually selected. Within a population, whales conform to a common version of the song despite the song constantly evolving. While humpback songs have been studied extensively at the population level, individual level variation has been rarely described, with inconclusive results. Here, we quantified inter- and intra-individual variability at different levels in the song hierarchy using songs from 25 singers across two song types from the eastern Australian population song of 2002 (12 singers), and the revolutionary song introduced in 2003 (13 singers). Inter-individual variability was found heterogeneously across all hierarchical levels of the song structure. In addition, distinct and individually specific patterns of song production were consistently recorded across song levels, with clear structural differences between the two song types. These results suggest that within the constraints of song conformity, males can produce individually distinctive patterns that could function as an advertisement to females to convey individual qualities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0017602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T13:51:00Z","timestamp":1681307460000},"page":"2238-2250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Variability in humpback whale songs reveals how individuals can be distinctive when sharing a complex vocal display"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lamoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution\/Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews 1 , St. Andrews KY16 9TH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8240-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen C.","family":"Garland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution\/Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews 1 , St. Andrews KY16 9TH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny A.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratories, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland 2 , Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Coxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution\/Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews 1 , St. Andrews KY16 9TH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2799-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Noad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratories, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland 2 , Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1121-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Rendell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution\/Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews 1 , St. Andrews KY16 9TH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101918335778000_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20182088","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2088","article-title":"Cultural revolutions reduce complexity in the songs of humpback whales","volume":"285","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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