{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:42:52Z","timestamp":1788540172560,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BI 1639\/7-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI 1639\/7-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated how the bandwidths of resonances simulated by transmission-line models of the vocal tract compare to bandwidths measured from physical three-dimensional printed vowel resonators. Three types of physical resonators were examined: models with realistic vocal tract shapes based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data, straight axisymmetric tubes with varying cross-sectional areas, and two-tube approximations of the vocal tract with notched lips. All physical models had hard walls and closed glottis so the main loss mechanisms contributing to the bandwidths were sound radiation, viscosity, and heat conduction. These losses were accordingly included in the simulations, in two variants: A coarse approximation of the losses with frequency-independent lumped elements, and a detailed, theoretically more precise loss model. Across the examined frequency range from 0 to 5\u2009kHz, the resonance bandwidths increased systematically from the simulations with the coarse loss model to the simulations with the detailed loss model, to the tube-shaped physical resonators, and to the MRI-based resonators. This indicates that the simulated losses, especially the commonly used approximations, underestimate the real losses in physical resonators. Hence, more realistic acoustic simulations of the vocal tract require improved models for viscous and radiation losses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0019682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T17:06:05Z","timestamp":1686589565000},"page":"3281-3291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bandwidths of vocal tract resonances in physical models compared to transmission-line simulations"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Birkholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics and Speech Communication, TU Dresden , Dresden, 01062, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Blandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics and Speech Communication, TU Dresden , Dresden, 01062, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"K\u00fcrbis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics and Speech Communication, TU Dresden , Dresden, 01062, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023102614440700100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1564019","article-title":"Approximation of the Struve function H1 occurring in impedance calculations","volume":"113","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2942439","article-title":"MRI-based vocal tract representations for the three-dimensional finite element synthesis of diphthongs","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c3","first-page":"53","article-title":"Notes on vocal tract computation","volume":"25","year":"1984","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c4","volume-title":"3D-Artikulatorische Sprachsynthese","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c5","unstructured":"Birkholz, \nP. (2019). \u201c\nMeasureTransferFunction [software]\u201d https:\/\/www.vocaltractlab.de\/index.php?page=measuretransferfunction-download (Last viewed June 6, 2023)."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2021.06.002","article-title":"Effects of the piriform fossae, transvelar acoustic coupling, and laryngeal wall vibration on the naturalness of articulatory speech synthesis","volume":"132","year":"2021","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5116137","article-title":"How the peak glottal area affects linear predictive coding-based formant estimates of vowels","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c8","first-page":"8242","article-title":"Acoustic comparison of physical vocal tract models with hard and soft walls","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c9","first-page":"999","article-title":"Boundary-layer resistance in time-domain simulations of the vocal tract system","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00597-w","article-title":"Printable 3D vocal tract shapes from MRI data and their acoustic and aerodynamic properties","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c11","first-page":"78","article-title":"Considering lip geometry in one-dimensional tube models of the vocal tract","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69922","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3187424","article-title":"Efficient 3D acoustic simulation of the vocal tract by combining the multimodal method and finite elements","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3543987","article-title":"Investigation of non-linear acoustic losses at the open end of a tube","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c14","first-page":"77","article-title":"Vowel perception: The relative perceptual salience of selected acoustic manipulations","year":"1979"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908558","article-title":"Methods of measuring vowel formant bandwidths","volume":"33","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2016.06.002","article-title":"Extension of the single-matrix formulation of the vocal tract: Consideration of bilateral channels and connection of self-oscillating models of the vocal folds with a glottal chink","volume":"82","year":"2016","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Formant bandwidth data","volume":"3","year":"1962","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c18","first-page":"28","article-title":"Vocal tract wall effects, losses, and resonance bandwidths","volume":"3","year":"1972","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c19","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of impulse response and distortion with a swept-sine technique","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c20","volume-title":"Speech Analysis, Synthesis and Perception","year":"1965"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1975.tb02852.x","article-title":"Synthesis of speech from a dynamic model of the vocal cords and vocal tract","volume":"54","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193708","article-title":"How to precisely measure the volume velocity transfer function of physical vocal tract models by external excitation","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912385","article-title":"Sweep-tone measurements of vocal-tract characteristics","volume":"49","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4948754","article-title":"Frequencies, bandwidths and magnitudes of vocal tract and surrounding tissue resonances, measured through the lips during phonation","volume":"139","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412986","article-title":"A formant bandwidth estimation procedure for vowel synthesis [43.72.Ja]","volume":"97","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speech synthesis","year":"1962"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2018.05.004","article-title":"Static measurements of vowel formant frequencies and bandwidths: A review","volume":"74","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disorders"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c28","unstructured":"Liljencrants, \nJ. (1985). \u201c\nSpeech synthesis with a reflection-type line analog,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, \nRoyal Institute of Technology, \nStockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c29","first-page":"13","article-title":"On the acoustics of spread lips","volume":"50","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Fonetik TMH-QPSR"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(82)90017-6","article-title":"A digital simulation method of the vocal-tract system","volume":"1","year":"1982","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2013.2294579","article-title":"Modeling the vocal tract transfer function using a 3D digital waveguide mesh","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio. Speech. Lang. Process."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c32","volume-title":"Acoustic Phonetics","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3502470","article-title":"Acoustic analysis of the vocal tract during vowel production by finite-difference time-domain method","volume":"128","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4900563","article-title":"Benchmarks for time-domain simulation of sound propagation in soft-walled airways: Steady configurations","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918051","article-title":"FE modeling of human vocal tract acoustics. Part I: Production of Czech vowels","volume":"94","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Acust. united Ac."},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c36","first-page":"9","article-title":"Toward a better vocal tract model","volume":"1","year":"1978","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2023102614440700100_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1645248","article-title":"A vocal-tract model of American English \/l\/","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/153\/6\/3281\/18186487\/3281_1_10.0019682.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/153\/6\/3281\/18186487\/3281_1_10.0019682.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/153\/6\/3281\/18186487\/3281_1_10.0019682.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T19:14:41Z","timestamp":1748373281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/153\/6\/3281\/2896006\/Bandwidths-of-vocal-tract-resonances-in-physical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0019682","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}